의리(義理)의 정치에서 경합(競合)의 정치로의 돌파

Abstract

In the late Chosen Dynasty, Friend-Party politics which originally started from demarcation between public sphere and private sphere turned into a party struggle to distinguish between right and wrong, degenerating into revenge aimed at complete removal and extermination of the opponent. In fact, the party struggle initially provided healthy tension and various options according to differences of opinions through public debate. It was the political typically that showed politics as an agonistics of tension and conflict at the dimension of antagonism. However, the divisions within parties became the only channel to show their own ideological clarity, and soon reduced their political duty to partisan duty. At last if one side preoccupies the good, the other side becomes the evil, forming a dialectical confrontation, and politics has degenerated into a process of exterminating opponents defined as wrong. In the end, politics as agonistics through words became the pre-political as extermination through violence. This study focuses on the process of degenerating politics from King Sukjong into moral clarity through King Gyeongjong and King Yeongjo, and attempts to restore politics by agonistics as essential attributes in the real political geography. King Sukjong was an experienced monarch who succeeded in strengthening the royal authority by using Friend-Parties as leverage. Frequent returning politics did not completely delegate power to any partisans, but by evicting them from power at any time, King Sukjong was able to lead the political situation by making them hurry to follow the king's intentions. However, King Sukjong's political legacy worked as a shackle to King Gyeongjong, who had the inherent weakness of being the son of a sinner, and Noron partisan's challenge to the authority eventually reduced politics to a matter of dispute of Fundamentals and loyalty brought massive slaughter and revenge. King Yeongjo inherited King Gyeongjong's legacy, and began to strengthen his royal authority based on the help of moderate Soron partisans and the support of Noron partisans. King Yeongjo’s early rule was developed as a bipartisan Tangpyeong policy to protect both Soron partisans and Namin partisans from revenge and slaughter while maintaining loyalty to Noron partisans. It emphasized the public priority of keeping loyalty to the monarch through the strict separation of Fundamentals between the monarch and his subjects. Finally, King Yeongjo provided a clue that the monarch insisted on the Hwanggeuk, which was at its peak, and that the monarch directly embraced everyone according to his loyalty. Finally, King Chôngjo inherited the legacy that the political legitimacy of King Sukjong, King Gyeongjong, and King Yeongjo became the subject of Right and Wrong in the public sphere. Beyond the personal experience of the tragic death of his father, Crown Prince Sado, the process of inheriting power from King Yeongjo itself served as the cause of constant challenging political legitimacy. Through these difficulties, King Chôngjo became king. Therefore, King Chôngjo's Tangpyeong was adopted as a methodology for the goal of overcoming the political legacy he inherited and finally taking hegemony. That is Great Fundamentals by King Chôngjo. In the structure of tension and struggle occurred at the dimension of antagonism, the politics through King Gyeongjong, King Yeongjo, and King Chôngjo should be evaluate as an agonistics between king and subjects for the interpretation of Fundamentals.