조선 전기 부경사절에게 발급된 신분증명서와 명 국내 역로 이용 절차

Abstract

This paper will reconstruct the form and content of the travel documents issued by the Joseon government for its tributary missions to enter into Ming territory. Also, the research will then examine the administrative function of the documents and the immigration procedures of the Ming Liaodong military office, which permitted Joseon missions to use the Ming postal system on their way to Beijing. Previous studies have recognized the Ipchaekbodan(入柵報單), a document included in diplomacy manual Tongmungwanji(通文館志), as a passport that recorded the number of people in every Joseon tributary mission. However, the Ipchaekbodan was not an official document issued by the Joseon king or government, but rather an application paper for entry that the envoys filled out and submitted when entering Qing territory. The passport issued by the Joseon government to its envoys to Ming was a set of Chagwan(差關) and Chabi(差批), which were sealed by the Office of State Councilors. The Chagwan was essentially a duty assignment paper to the envoy, listing the number of people in his mission and requiring the provision of the horses needed. The Chabi was a complementary document to the Chagwan, written to guarantee the procurement of personal horses for the envoys themselves to ride to Beijing. Thus, Chagwan and Chabi were official documents issued by the Joseon government, listing the required provision and horses. It seems that Chagwan had been used as a passport for tributary missions as early as the third year of King Sejong (1421), and was issued whenever an envoy was dispatched to China until the end of the 19th century. Chagwan and Chabi were written according to the format of the Ming official travel documents, which were designed to be used with the Fuyan(符驗), the imperial license for official travelers. Chagwan and Chabi took the form of Ming official travel documents because Joseon inherited the historical experience of the Goryeo dynasty under the Mongol Empire. As a vassal state of the great Mongol Empire, the Goryeo dynasty received Mongolian imperial travel licenses and issued Mongolian travel documents to its envoys to the imperial court. When the Ming dynasty overthrew the Mongols in China proper, Goryeo "returned" the Mongolian travel licenses to the Ming and requested Ming replacements. It is assumed that Goryeo and Joseon altered the form of their travel documents according to Ming style after Goryeo received Ming travel licenses. Chagwan and Chabi were insufficient to guarantee a smooth immigration process for Joseon envoys to Ming. The travel documents issued by the Joseon government and the certification granted by the Ming emperor were complementary. Also, Joseon tributary envoys needed other relevant papers as well. A Joseon tributary mission departed Seoul for Ming with an imperial certificate (Fuyan) from the Ming emperor, an official letter(咨文) from the king of Joseon to the Liaodong military office requesting cooperation in the immigration of the envoys, and a set of Chagwan and Chabi. After joining the security convoy in Uiju, the mission proceeded to the Lianshan Gate(連山關) and submitted the Chagwan and Chabi, and his application paper(報單) which included the number of the mission and the security convoy. When the mission arrived in Liaoyang, they submitted the royal letter to Liaodong military office. Then the office processed the immigration procedures for the tributary mission according to the contents of the Chagwan and Chabi.