브라흐만적 가부장제와 카스트 — 인도 식민지시대 하층카스트 남성 개혁가의 여성 문제 인식
Brahmanical Patriarchy and Caste: Gender Perceptions of a Lower-Caste-Male Reformer in Colonial India
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이 논문은 인도 하층카스트의 대변자로 알려진 암베드까르의 글과 의회에서의 발언을 통하여 식민지 시대 하층카스트 남성 개혁가가 가졌던 여성 문제에 대한 인식과 독립 인도에서 여성의 법적 지위에 대한 비전을 고찰한다. 암베드까르는 전통 인도 사회의 여성 억압이 카스트 제도에서 기인한다는 사실을 간파하여 카스트 제도 하에서 하층카스트 뿐 아니라 여성 역시 억압의 대상이었음을 밝혔다. 또한 힌두교 사회에서 여성은 힌두 법전에 의거하여 남성에게 종속되고, 교육을 받을 수 없으며, 종교적 무능력을 감수해야하는 존재임을 제시하였다. 그는 새로운 힌두 민법을 통하여 전통 사회의 종속적여성을 독립 후의 인도공화국에서는 평등한 개인이며 시민으로 자리매김 하고자 했다. 브라흐만적 가부장제를 인도 여성의 억압과 종속성에 대한 근본적 원인으로 파악하는 요즈음의 여성 담론에 비추어볼 때, 암베드까르의 인도 사회제도에 대한 분석과 힌두교에 대한비판은 여성주의적 관점에서 재해석되고 재평가될 여지가 있다고생각된다
Abstract
This paper examines the Indian women’s problems in traditional Hindu society and the vision of the legal status of women in independent India perceived by a lower-caste-male reformer. The review of writings of Ambedkar, the Hindu Code Bill, and his speeches at legislatures inform us of his pioneering insight on the origin of women’s problems in India. He exposed that the caste system, combined with patriarchy, is responsible for the oppression of women as well as the lower castes. Women in traditional Hindu society have suffered subordination to men, lack of education, and religious incapacity based on Hindu shastras. Introduced by Ambedkar, Hindu Code Bill aimed to grant women the new position of an equal individual citizen. In view of the present feminist discourse of Brahmanical patriarchy (i.e., a structure of female oppression and subordination), it is critical to reinterpret and revaluate Ambedkar’s analysis on the Indian caste system and his criticism on Hinduism.
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