암베드까르의 카스트 제도 인식과 1930-50년대 마하라슈뜨라 달리뜨 정당의 연합 정치
Ambedkar’s Perception on Caste System and Coalition Politics of Dalit Political Parties in the 1930s~1950s
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본 연구는 달리뜨의 궁극적인 해방을 위한 운동의 단위로서 카스트가 유효한가 또는 계급이 유효한가 하는 문제에서 암베드까르 운동의 방향이 크게 변화하는 시점이 있음을 발견하고, 그러한 변화의 추이를 살펴보았다. 암베드까르가 1930년대 중반부터 달리뜨의 노동자성에 주목하게 되면서 그가 주도했던 마하라슈뜨라의 달리뜨 운동에서 계급 중심의 사고가 크게 확대되고, 이는 선거에서 달리뜨-좌파 연합으로 이어졌다. 그러나 1940년대 초반 이후 암베드까르는 다시 지정카스트 지도자로 탈바꿈하고, 달리뜨 정당 스스로 과거의 달리뜨-좌파 연합 전략을 포기하고 카스트주의의 길로 나아갔다. 이러한 점은 달리뜨-좌파 연합의 정치적 가능성을 스스로 닫는 결정이었으며, 1940년대 이후 암베드까르의 하층카스트 지도자로의 재변신과 급진적인 사상의 포기 또는 순화는 결국 달리뜨-좌파 연합을 붕괴시킴으로써 향후 국민회의에 기생하는 허약한 달리뜨 정당을 낳는 악수였다고 평가할 수 있을 것이다.
Abstract
This research attempts to prove Ambedkar’s perception on caste system as a system of economic exploitation and the class-oriented activities of Dalit political parties in the 1930s and 1940s. Whether the caste or class to be a unit of Dalit movement for their uplift and emancipation was one of the question lain in front of Dalit leaders of the age. Ambedkar paid attention to the common ground of Dalit and labours and peasants as the exploited. Dalit movement in Maharashtra mainly led by Ambedkar witnessed the solidarity of Dalit and labours which led the Dalit-left cooperation in the political arena the mid-1930s onwards. The political situation in the early 1940s made Ambedkar return to his position of Scheduled Caste leader and the Dalit-left cooperation declined. The retreat to casteism is estimated to be a decision to block the possibility of Dalit-left unity. Appeasement of radical thoughts and abandonment of strategic joint action of Dalit and the left in the 1940s onwards ultimately led to weaken the Dalit party.
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