지참금 관습을 통해서 본 힌두 여성의 경제적 지위:재산권을 중심으로
Economic Status of Hindu Women Analysed in Relation with Dowry Custom: Focusing on the Rights of Property
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초록
이 연구에서는 지참금을 비롯해 여성의 경제적 지위와 권리를 둘러싼 문제가, 가부장제와 남녀 불평등이라는 힌두 사회의 큰 틀 내에서 남성 중심 이데올로기와 여성의 권리 요구가 부딪혀 조정되면서 갈등과 타협을 되풀이하는 장으로 이해한다. 이 과정에서 법적으로 보장되는 여성의 권리와 가부장제 가족집단 내에서 실제로 실현되는 여성의 권리 사이에는 큰 차이가 나타나는데, 이는 기본적으로 남성과 여성이 행사할 수 있는 권력의 차이에서 비롯된다. 본론에서는 가부장제 힌두 결합가족 내에서 여성이 담당하는 역할을 딸, 아내, 과부 등으로 구분한 후, 각각의 재산권에서 가장 중요한 비중을 차지하는 지참금과 친정재산 상속권, 스뜨리단(stridhan), 유산 상속권과 생계권 등에 관련된 법적 권리와 실제로 실현되는 권리를 비교해서 분석했다. 본론의 분석을 통해 식민지 시대부터 최근에 이르기까지 여성의 법적 권리가 향상되고 경제적 기회가 늘어났음에도 불구하고, 가족집단 내에서 여성의 경제적 지위는 여전히 불평등하고 종속적이라는 점을 밝혔다. 딸의 경우 지참금에 관련된 문화적 이념을 내면화해서 상속권을 자발적으로 포기하는 현상이 널리 나타나는데, 이처럼 문화적 금기에 순응해서 법으로 보장된 자신의 권리를 적극적으로 요구하지 않는 것은 아내와 과부의 경우에도 크게 다르지 않다. 결론에서는 지참금 반대운동이나 여성의 상속권 확보운동 등 여성의 평등한 권리를 지향하는 운동들은 운동 자체의 성과와 대중의식화에서 뚜렷한 의의가 있음에도 불구하고, 지참금 관습과 여성의 재산권 문제를 인도 사회의 거시적인 구조와 변화라는 틀 내에서 파악하지 못하는 한계를 지닌다는 점을 지적했다.
Abstract
The problems regarding the dowry custom, economic status and property rights of Hindu women can be understood in the broad frame of patriarchal principle and gender inequality of Hindu society and culture. In this setting, there are constant conflicts and compromises between the male-dominant and male-oriented ideology of patrilineal-patriarchal Hindu joint family on the one hand, and demands for equal rights of women, not only legal and abstract but also actual and concrete, on the other. As a result of contemporary unequal relations of power between male and female, the economic rights which can be demanded and obtained by women in family lives are very different from legally and institutionally guaranteed rights of them. In chapters II, III and IV, economic status of woman in the patriarchal Hindu joint family is analysed by dividing woman's roles into daughter, wife, widow, and matching them with dowry and rights of inheritance (parent's property), stridhan, rights of inheritance (deceased husband's property) and maintenance rights, respectively. The main findings are as follows: Although there have been many positive changes regarding women's property rights in terms of legal institution and economic opportunity since the British Colonialism, the economic status of Hindu women in family still remains unequal and dependent in general; In case of daughter, it seems that she internalizes the cultural ideology of male-oriented legitimization of dowry custom and, as a result of this, voluntarily renounces her own legally guaranteed rights of inheritance in her natal family. In cases of wife and widow, there basically are no big differences from the case of daughter. They also do not actively or consciously pursue their legal rights in their affinal homes, and generally appear as accepting the patriarchal control of their in-laws without much resistance. As a concluding remark, it is suggested that women's problem can be understood better if we expand our view to include the overall context of Indian society and culture from at least the British Colonialism to the present.gender inequalities and discrimination against women in Indian society.
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