맹자 공부론의 실천적 이해 − 의(義)와 권(權)의 연관성을 중심으로 −

Abstract

This study explores Mencius' theory of learning, focusing on the relationship between righteousness (義, Yi) and expediency (權, Quan), and examines how Mencius' theory aims for actionable moral judgment standards and practical approaches within specific realities. Mencius' concept of righteousness serves as the moral foundation for all decisions and actions, embodying the principle of fundamental moral standards necessary for proper conduct. Mencius' concept of expediency is a methodological approach to the practice and expansion of righteousness, based on the moral heart of righteousness, it involves actions of moral practice that appropriately respond to reality. Mencius' concepts of righteousness (義, Yi) and expediency (權, Quan) have the following meanings. Firstly, Mencius' concept of righteousness involves a value orientation that possesses subjective self-determination, providing moral judgment standards for the pursuit of the common good in both individuals and society. Righteousness acts as an essential element for the moral maturity of individuals and society. Mencius viewed righteousness not as an external objective norm but as residing in the inner subjective autonomy that is judged through the mind's reflection and introspection. Therefore, Mencius’ emphasis on continuously practicing righteousness(集義) and prohibiting artificial manipulation of righteousness(助長) highlights how righteousness contributes to moral maturity. Secondly, Mencius' concept of expediency (權, Quan) serves as a method for maintaining and realizing righteousness, acting as an appropriate moral practice according to real-life situations. Expediency is closely linked with the selection in moral dilemmas, involving the application of universal moral norms to specific circumstances, thereby bridging the universality of morality with the particularity of real-world situations. In this respect, Mencius’ concept of expediency suggests the utility and possibility of moral flexibility in determining what standards moral actions should be based on. It also highlights the necessity for individuals to approach and resolve moral issues within society with a sense of responsibility.