브라질과 베네수엘라의 에너지안보 협력패턴과 남미 지역통합의 미래
Energy Cooperation Patterns and its Future of Regional Integrationalism in the Americas: Focusing on the USA, Brazil and Venezuela
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This thesis studies three types of regional integrationalism in the Latin American region during twenty years since the early of 1990s. Especially this study focuses on the relationship between energy cooperation patterns and integration types which strongly interrelated with energy security matters and its international cooperation in this region. Particularly and currently three countries as nations of energy power holders such as the USA, Brazil and Venezuela have propelled strong energy policy toward energy integration with neighbor countries, thus promoted the regional integration as well. Based on this idea, this thesis focuses on future directions of three types of international cooperation involved in three countries with the issue of energy security and its cooperation. For example, the type of 'NAFTA-Plus' driven by the USA is characterized as pro-market one. Generally speaking, this type of energy cooperation is operated with bi-national or multi-national cooperation with big energy product countries through long-term contracts and foreign direct investment in the domains of free trade agreement. On the other hand, the case of Venezuela is a quite different route from the USA's. In the process of forming of ALBA, the state is a dominant actor and has a great responsibility to guide energy policy and energy integration and particularly this type is originated with a different concept of regional integration focused on the society concerns not just about economic integration. Finally, the Brazilian way of energy integration, concentrated on UNASUR, is followed the way of eclecticism accepted with both of two countries'. The main actors such as the state and private sector are important to promote energy integration. Many evidences verifies this eclecticism such as green energy(bio-ethanol) cooperation with the USA and IIRSA with many south American countries on the dimension of energy security and financial matters. This thesis thus concludes that the future and its direction of regional integration are strongly depend on the level of energy cooperation and its process of energy integration. However, currently one thing is clear that the direction of regional integration by way of energy integration is started from South America, where new energy matrix and its energy policy strongly redirect the old concept of regional integrationalism in this area.
Abstract
This thesis studies three types of regional integrationalism in the Latin American region during twenty years since the early of 1990s. Especially this study focuses on the relationship between energy cooperation patterns and integration types which strongly interrelated with energy security matters and its international cooperation in this region. Particularly and currently three countries as nations of energy power holders such as the USA, Brazil and Venezuela have propelled strong energy policy toward energy integration with neighbor countries, thus promoted the regional integration as well. Based on this idea, this thesis focuses on future directions of three types of international cooperation involved in three countries with the issue of energy security and its cooperation. For example, the type of 'NAFTA-Plus' driven by the USA is characterized as pro-market one. Generally speaking, this type of energy cooperation is operated with bi-national or multi-national cooperation with big energy product countries through long-term contracts and foreign direct investment in the domains of free trade agreement. On the other hand, the case of Venezuela is a quite different route from the USA's. In the process of forming of ALBA, the state is a dominant actor and has a great responsibility to guide energy policy and energy integration and particularly this type is originated with a different concept of regional integration focused on the society concerns not just about economic integration. Finally, the Brazilian way of energy integration, concentrated on UNASUR, is followed the way of eclecticism accepted with both of two countries'. The main actors such as the state and private sector are important to promote energy integration. Many evidences verifies this eclecticism such as green energy(bio-ethanol) cooperation with the USA and IIRSA with many south American countries on the dimension of energy security and financial matters. This thesis thus concludes that the future and its direction of regional integration are strongly depend on the level of energy cooperation and its process of energy integration. However, currently one thing is clear that the direction of regional integration by way of energy integration is started from South America, where new energy matrix and its energy policy strongly redirect the old concept of regional integrationalism in this area.
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