옛 관점과 새 관점의 충돌 - 주석적 평가와 제안
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본 논문은 바울신학에 관한 종교개혁 전통의 해석에 비추어 소위 ‘바울신학에 관한 새 관점’의 장점과 단점을 검토한다. 첫 단락에서는 새 관점의 공인된 산파들이라 할 수 있는 E. P. Sanders와 J. D. G. Dunn에 관한 간략한 논의 후, F. Watson의 말을 빌려 새 관점의 핵심적 특징을 소개한다. 두 번째 단락에서는 두 관점의 장점과 약점이 논의된다. 여기서는 새 관점이 바울 칭의론의 사회적 혹은 교회론적 차원에 대한 보다 깊은 이해를 도모했다는 기여와 더불어, 칭의론의 신학적 및 구원론적 차원을 제대로 해명하지 못했다는 약점이 지적된다. 세 번째 단락에서는 ‘행위가 아니라 믿음’이라는 전통적 패러다임과 바울서신에 나타나는 다른 진술들, 특히 믿음과 행위를 결합하는 구절들 및 마지막 심판이 순종을 조건으로 하는 것처럼 묘사하는 구절들과의 긴장이 다루어진다. 그 다음 단락에서는 바울 율법 비판을 집약하는 ‘율법의 행위’ 개념이 논의된다. 여기서는 도덕적 순종을 포함하는 것으로 '율법의 행위‘ 개념을 해석하는 양 진영의 공통된 입장과 바울의 명시적 진술과의 긴장이 지적된다. 바울은 적대자들을 종교적 위선자들, 곧 유대적 정체성을 자랑하면서도 그에 상응하는 도덕적 순종을 보여주지 않는 이들로 제시하고 있다는 사실이 강조된다. 마지막 단락에서는 율법 혹은 율법의 행위가 갖는 태생적 한계, 곧 생명을 부여할 수 없는 무능력이 바울의 율법 비판의 핵심이라는 제안과 더불어, 바울이 제시하는 믿음의 적극적 차원, 곧 성령을 매개하는 유일한 통로로서 혹은 죽은 자를 살리시는 하나님의 약속을 믿는 부활신앙으로서의 믿음 개념이 하나의 대안으로 제시된다.
Abstract
This article examines the contributions and drawbacks of the so-called 'New Perspective on Paul' in light of the traditional Reformational interpretation of Paul. After a brief account of the works of E. P. Sanders and J. D. G. Dunn, the acknowledged midwives of the NPP, the study highlights its major characteristics with reference to the summary of F. Watson. In the second section, the study discusses both the contribution of the NPP to a deeper appreciation of the social dimension of Paul's doctrine of justification and its weaknesses, especially its inability to explain the theological and soteriological aspect of the doctrine. In the third section, the study deals with the tension between the traditional paradigm of 'not by works but by faith' with other statements of Paul which combine faith and works rather than distinguish them, and ones that present the final judgment as conditional on believers' life of obedience. In the next section, the study turns to the 'works of law', a concept which encapsulates Paul's critique of the Jewish Law. Here, both perspectives are brought to task for their inclusion of moral observance within the concept, a view that does not fit with Paul's own portrayal of his opponents as religious hypocrites, namely, those who boast of their Jewish identity without showing proper obedience to the moral injunctions of the Law. In the final section the study offers an alternative explanation of Paul's critique of the Law, highlighting its inability to give life to, or mediate the Holy Spirit for, believers, the function reserved exclusively for faith in Christ. The study concludes with a look at the positive dimension of Paul's view of faith as the only channel of God's life-giving Spirit (Galatians) and as faith in the God who is able to give life to the dead (Romans), thereby suggesting a more positive understanding of Paul's doctrine of 'justification by faith'.
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