한국과 일본의 국가(国歌) 비교 연구

Abstract

The national anthem of Korea began with Sing National Anthem Campaign by Seo Jae-pil. Since "the National Anthem of the Korean Empire" (1902) was created at the behest of Emperor Kojong, it has transformed into its current form, going through the national anthem with the lyrics by Yun Chi-ho(1907) that took the melody of “Auld Lang Syne” and the national anthem composed by Ahn Ea-tai(1935). As a song sung to overcome the crisis caused by the aggressions from the world powers and inspire nationalism, the national anthem of Korea served as the mechanism of the national independence movement. Issues with it are the emerging argument for revising the national anthem, citing the pro-Japanese actions by the lyricist and the composer, and its insufficient legitimacy and symbolism for the nation. In its philosophy and culture, the national anthem implies the idea of the celestial divinity in the Korean tradition that has hailed from the time immemorial and is further tinctured with the Confucianism that carries the loyal patriotism from the Joseon period. And the Christianism came to be embedded in the national anthem in the late years of the Joseon period, when the lyricist’s religious orientation was reflected in the national anthem as the spreading independence movement was centered on the Christian church. In a nutshell, the national anthem of Korea represented the change in the country’s philosophical and cultural character that followed the religious and philosophical paradigm shift, which is understood as being based on the fatherhood in the monotheism. In Japan, "the first version of Kimigayo" (1870) was created as suggested by John William Fenton, a visiting British military band leader. It was revised into "the second version of Kimigayo" composed by Hiromori Hayashi with some rearrangement by Franz Eckert. The passage of a related law in 1999 recognized it as the official national anthem of Japan. The national anthem of Japan, which was the tool for integrating the Emperor with people, also served as a device for enlightenment through modern civilization which advocated the ideology of Leave Asia, Enter Europe with a view to establishing the modern state of Meiji. It faces the criticism that it is a praise of the emperor and that it is an aggressionist national anthem which was used as a frame for colonialist rule during the wars of aggression. Furthermore, it is harassed by the issues with the composition and rearrangement of the music itself. Culturally and philosophically, the worldview presented in the national anthem of Japan is antipoetic to that revealed in the Korean counterpart, in that it peculiarly bases itself on the waka culture, animism as the philosophical origin of Shintoism, and the motherhood which governs the birth of life in nature and the existence and the continuity of spirits and souls.