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‘힌두성(Hindutva)’의 개념 규정과 문화민족주의 간의 상관관계 연구: 1980년대 이후 인도 사회의 변화를 중심으로

A Study on the Interrelationships between the Concept of 'Hindutva' and Cultural Nationalism: With Special Reference to the Changes in Indian Society after the 1980s A Study on the Interrelationships between the Concept of 'Hindutva' and Cultural Nationalism: With Special Reference to the Changes in Indian Society after the 1980s

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한국인도학회 (The Korean Society for Indian Studies)|2013.05|인도연구 (Journal of Indian Studies)|제18권 제1호|pp. 39-81|DOI 10.21758/jis.2013.18.1.39

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문화민족주의Cultural NationalismHindutvaHinduism힌두이즘힌두뜨바Indian Diaspora힌두 정체성Hindu Identity쌍그 빠리바르해외 인교(印僑)Sangh Parivar

초록

힌두와 힌두이즘의 성격을 규정하는 문제는 한편으로는 근대국가로서 인도의 정체성을 규정하는 문제이며, 다른 한편으로는 서구를 비롯해 다른 사회들과 구별되는 인도의 사회문화적 정체성을 규정하는 문제이다. ‘힌두’ 정체성을 둘러싼 논쟁은 정치권과 학계, 각종 사회조직들을 중심으로 활발하게 벌어지는데, 이렇게 대립되고 경쟁하는 이데올로기들은 다양한 대중매체들을 통해 일반대중에게 전달되어 사회적 담론을 형성하며, 이 과정에서 형성되는 여론들은 선거라는 장을 통해 인도 사회의 발전방향과 성격을 규정하는 각종 정책들로 나타나게 된다. 한편 1980년대 이후 소위 문화민족주의로 불리는 현상이 인도 국내뿐 아니라 해외의 인도 교민사회에서 뚜렷이 나타나고 있다. 문화민족주의에는 쌍그 빠리바르가 주도하는 힌두 우익의 힌두뜨바 이념도 있지만, 이와는 별도로 국가로서의 인도, 혹은 역사적-문화적 실체로서의 인도에 초점을 맞춘 소위 세속적 문화민족주의도 뚜렷하다. 또한 신중간계급에서 쌍그 빠리바르가 주도하는 힌두 근본주의의 반(反) 이슬람적이고 전투적인 노선이 큰 지지를 못 받는 데 비해, 세속적이고 부드러운 문화민족주의는 광범위한 호응을 받는다. 이처럼 힌두-힌두이즘의 성격 및 힌두 정체성을 둘러싼 논쟁과 힌두 문화민족주의의 보급이라는 두 과정은 서로 긴밀하게 연관되어 진행되면서, 현대 인도 사회가 변화하는 방향과 성격을 규정하는 데 매우 중요한 영향을 미치고 있다. 이 연구에서는 이러한 문제의식에 따라, 인도 국내외 여러 지역의 사례들을 중심으로 힌두 정체성 논쟁과 문화민족주의 간의 상관관계를 분석한다.

Abstract

The issue of defining the Hindu and Hinduism can be regarded, on the one hand, as the issue of defining the identity of India as a modern nation, and, on the other, as the issue of defining the socio-cultural identity of India which is unique and discernible from other, especially Western, cultures. Various agents from the politics, academia and social movements, etc. participate in debates on the identity of the Hindu and Hinduism, and in this process, many different and sometimes conflicting ideologies are transmitted to the public via numerous means of mass communication. Certain public opinions are formed through this process of production and consumption of social discourses, and they in turn strongly influence the direction and characteristics of India's future development via the democratic process of voting. Recently, many observers of Indian society remark on the definite emergence of so-called 'Cultural Nationalism' not only in various parts of India but also among rapidly growing Indian diasporas in many developed Western countries. One can certainly find in this Cultural Nationalism a strong tendency of 'Hindutva Ideology' of Hindu Right (Sangh Parivar) but, at the same time, it is quite discernible that there exists a definite tendency of secular Cultural Nationalism which focuses on India as a modern nation or India as a historical and cultural entity on its own. Whereas anti-Islamic, militant Hindu Fundamentalism of the Sangh Parivar cannot draw big support from the new middle classes, secular and soft Cultural Nationalism can be accepted to this class without too much problem. This study tries to understand the interrelationships between the concept of Hindu identity and Cultural Nationalism through analyses of various contemporary ethnographic materials both from India and abroad on popular culture and Cultural Nationalism. With this kind of analysis, it is hoped that we can understand the direction and characteristics of India's future development with more certainty.

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