인도의 대전환과 새로운 계급 부상: 신중간계급 열망 계층의 성격 및 정치적 중요성을 중심으로
India’s Great Transition and New Emerging Class: Focusing on the Characteristics and Political Importance of the Aspiring Neo Middle Class
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초록
본 연구는 모디 총리가 빈곤층과 중간계급 사이의 계층을 “신중간계급”으로 명명한 것에 주목하여 이 계층이 어떤 집단인지를 경제적·계급적 성격 면에서 파악하고 BJP가 이 계층에 주목하는 정치적 이유를 살펴보고자 하였다. 우선, 제 Ⅱ장에서는 모디 총리가 언급한 “신중간계급”과 엘리트 중간계급으로 상정되는 신중간계급의 차이를 분석하고자 이들의 차이를 경제적 기준으로 살펴보았다. 모디 총리의 신중간계급은 중간계급 진입을 열망하는 하위계급으로서 총 인구의 약 50%가 넘는 인도의 가장 큰 대중 집단으로 간주한다. 이들은 향후 30년 이내에 많은 수가 중간계급으로 진입 가능할 것이라고 전망하고 있다. 제 Ⅲ장에서는 신중간계급 열망 계층의 공통된 계급적 성격이 중간계급 지위를 열망하는 것이라 보았다. 이 계층은 비록 하위계급에 속하지만 자신의 계급 정체성을 중간계급이라고 인식하는 경우가 많은데, 그 이유는 자신을 중간계급에 위치시킴으로써 빈곤층과 구분하며, 인도의 평범한 이상적 시민으로 간주되고, 중간계급이 주는 안정감 때문이라고 볼 수 있다. 제 Ⅳ장에서는 이러한 하위계급의 중간계급 열망을 이용하여 이들에게 “신중간계급” 타이틀을 부여한 BJP의 정치적 의도를 살펴보았다. 이 계층은 힌두뜨바 이데올로기를 지지하며, BJP의 표심 확대를 위해 필요한 집단이다. 또한, 인도의 성장을 위한 미래 발전 가능성에 중요한 역할을 할 수 있기 때문이라고 분석하였다.
Abstract
This study aims to examine the socio-economic and class characteristics of the "neo-middle class," a term coined by Prime Minister Modi to describe the stratum between the poverty line and the middle class. It also seeks to explore the political reasons why the BJP pays attention to this group. In Chapter Ⅱ, the study analyzes the differences between the "neo-middle class" mentioned by Prime Minister Modi and general “new middle class”, which means “New Rich”, based on economic criteria. It is observed that the former represents a significant portion of India's population, comprising over 50%, and is characterized as a group aspiring to ascend into the new middle class. They do not differ significantly from the impoverished in terms of occupational composition, but it is anticipated that a substantial number of them will be able to enter the middle class within the next 30 years. In Chapter Ⅲ, it is observed that the common class characteristic among the aspiring neo-middle class is their desire to attain middle-class status. Despite belonging to lower strata, many identify themselves as middle-class, aiming to distinguish themselves from the impoverished and to be perceived as ordinary, ideal citizens of India. This self-perception as middle-class provides them with a sense of stability and distinction from the lower strata. Chapter Ⅳ examines the political intentions of the BJP in conferring the "neo-middle class" title upon these aspiring lower class. This group supports Hindutva ideology and is seen as crucial for expanding BJP's electoral base. Additionally, it is analyzed that due to their potential to play a significant role in India's future development and growth, the BJP pays attention to them.
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