해외 인도인 공동체 내의 ‘달리뜨(Dalit)’ 카스트에 대한 차별: 시크 디아스포라(Sikh Diaspora) 사례를 중심으로
The Discrimination against Dalit Caste among Overseas Indian Communities with Particular Reference to Sikh Diaspora
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초록
독립 이후 인도 정부는 카스트로 인한 불평등과 착취를 금하기 위해 달리뜨(Dalit) 보호를 위한 다양한 법안을 만들었으나 달리뜨에 대한 다양한 형태의 핍박은 여전히 진행되고 있다. 이러한 차별은 힌두 공동체뿐만 아니라 시크 공동체에서도 유지되고 있으며, 해외에 거주하는 시크 공동체 내에서도 이러한 차별행위는 여전히 진행된다. 이 글은 해외로 이주한 시크 공동체가 이주 정착지에서 공동체가 공고하게 됨에 따라 등장하는 카스트에 따른 분화, 특히 달리뜨 시크에 대한 차별의 등장 과정과 차별 사례들을 검토하고, 지배집단의 차별에 따른 라비다시아 달리뜨의 대응방식을 살펴본 후, 소위 ‘2009년 비엔나 사건(Vienna Incident)’ 이후 지배적 시크 집단인 자뜨(Jat) 시크의 차별에 대한 라비다시아 달리뜨의 대응방식에서 드러나는 이들의 선명한 정체성 구성 과정을 규명하고 있다. 라비다시아 달리뜨가 시크교가 아닌 ‘라비다시아교(Ravidassia Dharm)’가 되어야 한다는 입장을 인도 펀잡 내 라비다시아 달리뜨 종교조직이 유지하고 있기 때문에 이에 영향을 받은 해외 구루 라비다스 사원들도 주류 시크교와 ‘거리두기’를 하는 방향으로 나아갈 개연성이 높은 것으로 전망된다.
Abstract
Caste prejudice and discrimination in the Indian context have persisted despite of the many reform movements that have spoken out against its discriminatory element. Moreover, the discriminations based on caste have been observed in the context of Indian diaspora. This study amis at exploring the processes of a distinct socio-religious identity among the overseas dalit Sikhs called ‘Ravidassia’ diaspora, especially with references to Ravidassia in Canada and UK. In fact, many of Ravidassia diaspora have experienced caste-based discriminations from the high caste Sikhs, namely Jat sikhs who have dominated the material and religious worlds of sikh society for long time in India. 2009 Vienna killings, in which the most important Sant (religious leader) of Ravidassia was killed, has acted as a catalyst of current tensions between mainstream Sikh community and Ravidassia group revolving around replacing of the ‘Guru Granthi Sahib’ with ‘the Amritbani Guru Ravidass’ in the Ravidassia places of worship both in India and abroad. It is reasonable to assume that a distinct identity formation of overseas Ravidassia communities is an ongoing process. It is more likely that Ravidassia diasporas have socio-cultural autonomy from mainstream Sikhism with the passage of time.
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