조직 정당성, 정당화, 그리고 제도화
Organizational Legitimacy, Legitimation, and Institutionalization
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초록
이 논문에서는 정당성 및 정당화에 관한 문헌들을 검토하면서 정당성의 개념 및 기능, 정당성의 유형, 정당화 활동 유형 및 전략을 제시하고 정당화 과정을 제도화 과정과 결부지어 논의하였다. 또한 정당성에 관한 이들 주요 주제를 검토하는 가운데 나타난 중요 쟁점들을 발굴하여 그에 대한 논의를 수행하였다. 이러한 논의의 핵심 몇 가지를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 조직 정당성은 사회적 실재에 대한 구성의 문제로서 사회적 대상을 문화적 신념들, 규범들 및 가치들에 일치하도록 해석한 것이고, 이는 집합적 과정을 통해 이루어지며, 인지적 차원, 규범적 및 처방적 차원을 보유한다. 둘째, 조직 정당성은 조직의 신뢰성을 증진시켜 주고, 청중들로 하여금 조직에 대한 긍정적인 평가를 하도록 해줌으로써 조직의 자원확보와 생존에 기여하고, 조직 효과성과 성장을 도모해준다. 셋째, 조직 정당성은 다양한 유형으로 분류되는데 이들을 큰 범위로 축약하면 실용적, 규범적, 인지적 정당성으로 분류된다. 넷째, 정당화 주제(대상)은 조직 그 자체 뿐 아니라 조직의 다양한 구조와 실천 등이고 정당화 주체는 국가와 전문직업인들 및 대기업과 같은 강력한 조직 외부의 제도행위자, 조직의 일반 참여자, 사회운동조직, 매체 및 조직간 관계가 있다. 다섯째, 정당화 활동은 정당성 획득, 유지(방어 및 보수 포함), 확대로 구별되고 매우 다양한 정당화 전략들은 크게 동조와 전략적 대응 둘로 구별되지만 내용관리, 상징관리, 담화전략 등 매우 많다. 여섯째, 정당화 과정은 몇 가지 단계로 구별되고 이는 제도화 과정과 밀접하며 각 단계에서는 특정의 정당성이 강조된다. 끝으로, 정당성과 정당화에 관련된 몇 가지 쟁점으로서는 정당화 주체의 범위, 비공식적으로 제도화된 행위의 정당성 여부, 잠재적 정당화 주체의 인정 여부, 각 정당성 유형간의 충돌, 정당화의 각 단계에서 각 정당성 유형의 상대적 비중 등의 문제가 존재한다.
Abstract
This paper reviews the literatures of organizational legitimacy, legitimation, and institutionalization, suggests concept and functions of organizational legitimacy, types of organizational legitimacy, and types of legitimation and strategies, discusses legitimation processes with process of institutionalization and issues on organizational legitimacy and legitimation. The followings are the results of these reviews and discussions. Firstly, organizational legitimacy is the result of social construction on a social act(organization itself, other numerous acts), namely, results of interpretation of a social act according with cultural beliefs, norms, and values. It is created through collective processes, and consists of cognitive, normative and prescriptive dimension. Secondly, organizational legitimacy increases credibility of organizations, let audiences to evaluate organizations positively, and contributes to acquisition of resources, survival, effectiveness, and growth. Thirdly, many kinds of organizational legitimacy can be broadly classified into three types, namely pragmatic, normative, and cognitive legitimacy. Fourthly, the objects of legitimacy are organization itself and many organizational formal structures and practices, and subjects(entities) are strong external institutional entrepreneurs(state, professional associations, strong enterprise etc.), rank and file participants of organization, social movements organizations, influential mass media, networks of organizations. Fifthly, there are three types of legitimation activities(acquisition, maintaining, extension), and many types of strategies of legitimation can be reduced into conformance and strategic action, but there are other kinds of legitimation strategies, substantive and symbolic management, rhetoric and narrative strategies. Sixthly, legitimation processes are divided into several phases, are related with institutionalization processes. Particular type of legitimacy is emphasized in each phase. Lastly, there are several issues related with legitimacy and legitimation, scope of legitimation subjects(actors, society), informally institutionalized acts, potential subjects of legitimation, conflicts among many types of legitimacy, relative weights of legitimacy types in each phase of legitimation.
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