대상과 상대를 나타내는 「に」와 「に対して」의 용법 고찰-中納言 2000년대 작품을 중심으로-

Abstract

In previous studies, it was mentioned that the use of the postpositional particle “に” and the postpositional phrase “ni taisite” is often similar in the categories of target and counterpart, but there are differences in terms of style, with “ni taisite” tending to be used more for formal expressions. However, an examination of the differences in usage of these two expressions, based on works from the 2000s in the Chūnagon Teitabeisu database, revealed that while both expressions share many similarities, they differ in actual usage due to their unique characteristics. First, in terms of common points between “ni” and “ni taisite,” an analysis of the preceding elements categorized as target and counterpart shows that both expressions are more frequently used with the target than with the counterpart. Additionally, it was found that nouns are the most commonly used preceding element for both expressions. Second, both “ni” and “ni taisite” can be appropriately used in cases such as the target of an action (counterpart), the target of emotions or reactions, the target of attitude and reactions, and the counterpart of an attitude. However, “に” is more commonly used to indicate simple actions or direct reactions, while “ni taisite” tends to be used when intentional attitude or direction is emphasized. Third, a difference in the usage of “ni” and “にtaisite” can often be determined by the characteristics of the following element. Specifically, expressions indicating strong characteristics of the following element, such as direct reactions or actions (e.g., “teo ageru,” “hureru,” “kiduku,” “kakeru,” “oituku”), are more likely to be combined with “ni”" while expressions where actions or attitudes are more clearly expressed (e.g., “hinansuru,” “tatakau,” “ikario kannziru,” “aturyokuga kuwaru,” “hukusyuuo okonau”) tend to be more easily combined with “ni taisite.” Fourth, in some cases, the use of “ni” and “ni taisite” is determined by the preceding element. For example, when the following element is “yowai,” and the preceding element refers to a person, only “に” can be used. On the other hand, “ni taisite” is used when the preceding element indicates a comparison, which distinguishes it from “ni.” Fifth, in terms of stylistic differences mentioned in previous studies, both “ni” and “ni taisite” are commonly used in conversation, but “に” is primarily used to express general facts or reactions, while “ni taisite” is used more frequently to express intentional actions or attitudes, rather than for formal expressions.