Becoming Sino-Peruvian: Post-Indenture Chinese in Nineteenth-Century Peru
0
조회
0
다운로드
1
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Between 1849 and 1874, nearly 100,000 Chinese indentured laborers (coolies) arrived in Peru. Although coolies were treated much like slaves, thousands gained their freedom and made lives for themselves during the coolie era. This article focuses on the difficulties facing ex-coolies and how they coped with them. I argue that free Chinese responded to the challenges of making a living, discrimination, harassment, and the threat of a return to forced labor, by uniting and forging a Chinese sub-community while simultaneously integrating into Peruvian society. On the one hand, free Chinese cooperated with each other to find housing and jobs, establish businesses, maintain their culture, and deal with legal troubles. On the other hand, they integrated with Peruvian society and challenged their status as outsiders by establishing business ties with Peruvians, adopting aspects of Hispanic culture, forming interracial families and friendships, and demonstrating publicly their Peruvian patriotism. Well before the end of the coolie era, ex-coolies became immigrants and proceeded to construct Sino-Peruvian identities. In making this argument, this study also suggests the importance of analyzing Chinese indentured labor beyond the paradigm of slavery. Although scholars have tended to separate the experience of coolies in Spanish America from other overseas Chinese communities during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, careful analysis of the post-indenture experience during the coolie era reveals considerable overlap.
Abstract
Between 1849 and 1874, nearly 100,000 Chinese indentured laborers (coolies) arrived in Peru. Although coolies were treated much like slaves, thousands gained their freedom and made lives for themselves during the coolie era. This article focuses on the difficulties facing ex-coolies and how they coped with them. I argue that free Chinese responded to the challenges of making a living, discrimination, harassment, and the threat of a return to forced labor, by uniting and forging a Chinese sub-community while simultaneously integrating into Peruvian society. On the one hand, free Chinese cooperated with each other to find housing and jobs, establish businesses, maintain their culture, and deal with legal troubles. On the other hand, they integrated with Peruvian society and challenged their status as outsiders by establishing business ties with Peruvians, adopting aspects of Hispanic culture, forming interracial families and friendships, and demonstrating publicly their Peruvian patriotism. Well before the end of the coolie era, ex-coolies became immigrants and proceeded to construct Sino-Peruvian identities. In making this argument, this study also suggests the importance of analyzing Chinese indentured labor beyond the paradigm of slavery. Although scholars have tended to separate the experience of coolies in Spanish America from other overseas Chinese communities during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, careful analysis of the post-indenture experience during the coolie era reveals considerable overlap.
참고문헌 (35)
- Arona, Juan de, "La inmigración en el Perú" (1891), Imprenta del Universo
- Camacho, Julia María Schiavone, "Chinese Mexicans: Transpacific Migration and the Search for a Homeland, 1910-1960" (2012), University of North Carolina Press
- Chou, Diego L., "Los chinos en la Guerra del Pacífico", Revista de Historia de América, (129), pp.197~225 (2001)
- Delgado, Grace Peña, "Making the Chinese Mexican: Global Migration, Localism, and Exclusion in the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands" (2012), Stanford University Press
- Duffield, A. J., "Peru in the Guano Age: Being a Short Account of a Recent Visit to the Guano Deposits with Some Reflections on the Money They Have Produced and the Uses to which It Has Been Applied" (1877), Richard Bentley and Son
- Fuentes, Manuel Atanasio, "Lima. Sketches of the Capital of Peru, Historical, Statistical, Administrative, Commercial, and Moral" (1866), Trübner and Co
- Gonzales, Michael, "Plantation Agriculture and Social Control in Northern Peru, 1875-1933" (1985), University of Texas Press
- Hu-DeHart, Evelyn, "Coolies, Shopkeepers, Pioneers : The Chinese of Mexico and Peru(1849-1930)", Amerasia Journal, 15(2), pp.91~116 (1989)
- Hu-DeHart, Evelyn, "Huagong and Huashang: The Chinese as Laborers and Merchants in Latin America and the Caribbean", Amerasia Journal, 28(2), pp.64~90 (2002)
- Hutchinson, Thomas J., "Two Years in Peru: With Exploration of its Antiquities, Vol. II" (1873), Sampson, Low, Marston, Low, Earle
- Kuhn, Philip A., "Chinese Among Others: Emigration in Modern Times" (2008), Rowman and Littlefield
- Lausent-Herrera, Isabelle, "Pequeña propiedad, poder y economía de mercado, Acos" (1983), Institut français d’études andines and Instituto de Estudios Peruanos
- Lausent-Herrera, Isabelle, "Los inmigrantes chinos en la amazonia peruana", Bulletin de l'IFEA, 15(3-4), pp.49~60 (1986)
- Lausent-Herrera, Isabelle, "La cristianización de los chinos en el Perú", Bulletin de l'IFEA, 21(3), pp.977~1007 (1992)
- Lausent-Herrera, Isabelle, "Sociedades y templos chinos en el Perú" (2000), Editorial del Congreso del Peru
- Lausent-Herrera, Isabelle, "Mujeres, Familia y Sociedad en la Historia de América Latina, siglos XVIII-XXI", pp.287~312 (2006), Instituto Riva Aguero-Cendoc Mujer, IFEA, PUCP
- Lausent-Herrera, Isabelle, "Tusans(Tusheng)and the changing Chinese community in Peru", Journal of Chinese Overseas, 5(1), pp.115~152 (2009)
- Lausent-Herrera, Isabelle, "The Chinatown in Peru and the Changing Peruvian Chinese Communities", Journal of Chinese Overseas, 7(1), pp.69~113 (2011)
- López, Kathleen, "Chinese Cubans: A Transnational History" (2013), University of North Carolina Press
- Markham, Clements R., "The Geographical Magazine, Vol. I", pp.367~370 (1874), Trübner and Company
- McKeown, Adam, "Chinese Migrant Networks and Cultural Change: Peru, Chicago, Hawaii, 1900-1936" (2001), University of Chicago Press
- Pan, Lynn, "The Encyclopedia of the Chinese Overseas" (1999), Harvard University Press
- Rodríguez Pastor, Humberto, "Herederos del Dragón : Historia de la comunidad china en el Perú" (2000), Editorial del Congreso del Perú
- Rodríguez Pastor, Humberto, "Los chinos en la Guerra del Pacífico", Diálogos en Historia, (2), pp.151~178 (2000)
- Rodríguez Pastor, Humberto, "Hijos del Celeste Imperio en el Perú(1850-1900) : Migración, agricultura, mentalidad y explotación" (2001), Sur Casa de Estudios del Socialismo
- Romero, Roberto Chao, "The Chinese in Mexico, 1882-1940" (2010), University of Arizona Press
- Segall, Marcello, "Esclavitud y tráfico culíes en Chile", Journal of Inter-American Studies, 10(1), pp.117~133 (1968)
- Siu, Lok, "Memories of a Future Home : Diasporic Citizenship of Chinese in Panama" (2005), Stanford University Press
- Squier, Ephraim George, "Peru : Incidents of Travel and Exploration in the Land of the Incas" (1877), MacMillan and Company
- Stewart, Watt, "Chinese Bondage in Peru: A History of the Chinese Coolie in Peru, 1849-1874" (1951), Duke University Press
- Trazegnies Granda, Fernando de, "En el país de las colinas de arena. Reflexiones sobre la inmigración china en el Perú del S. XIX desde la perspectiva del Derecho, Tomo II" (1994), Editorial de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
- United States House of Representatives, "Executive Documents of the House of Representatives for the Second Session of the Forty-Fifth Congress, 1877-1878, Vol. I", Government Printing Office, ~ (1878)
- Valladares Chamorro, Odalis, "La inmigración china al Perú: arqueología, historia y sociedad", pp.2012, Universidad Ricardo Palma
- Young, Elliot, "Alien Nation: Chinese Migration in the Americas from the Coolie Era through World War II" (2014), University of North Carolina Press
- Yun, Lisa, "The Coolie Speaks : Chinese Indentured Laborers and African Slaves in Cuba" (2008), Temple University Press