Coping with Colonialism: Mita and Indian Community in the Colonial Andes
0
조회
0
다운로드
1
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
The Potosi mita system reflects that the Spanish colonial system heavily relied on the supply and control of native labor force for its survival. While the Potosi mita system functioned as a key apparatus to absorb rural population into the Spanish imperial enterprises in the Andes, a greater number of Indian peasants discarded their ethnic communities to avoid the duties. The increase of Indian emigration which coincided with the Potosi silver crisis augmented a need for a new pool of labor force largely comprised of Indian women. The growing status shift of Indian peasants to flee migrants and a greater burden on Indian women imply that the Spanish exploitation of native Andeans transformed in its mode and intensity as colonialism matured. What was the impact of the mita labor draft on native Andean society? How did peasant men and women cope with growing pressure in the Spanish colonial tributary regime? Inquiring these questions, this article contemplates on the Indian community as a unit through which native Andeans built relationship to each other not only for survival but also for social and cultural identification. Confronted to colonial demands, native Andeans chose multiple strategies, selectively relying on individual as well as collective resources. On the one hand, as a member of ethnic communities, native Andeans collaborated regardless of their sex, age, or marital status, providing labor force for diverse imperial enterprises. On the other hand, native Andeans chose to discard the connection to their ethnic communities and adapted to the colonial system arranged by the Spanish norms when they could not afford to fulfill their communal duties, or when they could improve their economic and social status. In sum, this article concludes that native Andeans maneuvered the colonial system by relying on diverse strategies such as conformity to forced labor, migration, service in wage labor, market trade for their individual and communal survival, which enabled them to sustain their traditional values and institutions despite growing external burdens.
Abstract
The Potosi mita system reflects that the Spanish colonial system heavily relied on the supply and control of native labor force for its survival. While the Potosi mita system functioned as a key apparatus to absorb rural population into the Spanish imperial enterprises in the Andes, a greater number of Indian peasants discarded their ethnic communities to avoid the duties. The increase of Indian emigration which coincided with the Potosi silver crisis augmented a need for a new pool of labor force largely comprised of Indian women. The growing status shift of Indian peasants to flee migrants and a greater burden on Indian women imply that the Spanish exploitation of native Andeans transformed in its mode and intensity as colonialism matured. What was the impact of the mita labor draft on native Andean society? How did peasant men and women cope with growing pressure in the Spanish colonial tributary regime? Inquiring these questions, this article contemplates on the Indian community as a unit through which native Andeans built relationship to each other not only for survival but also for social and cultural identification. Confronted to colonial demands, native Andeans chose multiple strategies, selectively relying on individual as well as collective resources. On the one hand, as a member of ethnic communities, native Andeans collaborated regardless of their sex, age, or marital status, providing labor force for diverse imperial enterprises. On the other hand, native Andeans chose to discard the connection to their ethnic communities and adapted to the colonial system arranged by the Spanish norms when they could not afford to fulfill their communal duties, or when they could improve their economic and social status. In sum, this article concludes that native Andeans maneuvered the colonial system by relying on diverse strategies such as conformity to forced labor, migration, service in wage labor, market trade for their individual and communal survival, which enabled them to sustain their traditional values and institutions despite growing external burdens.
참고문헌 (31)
- Accarette, "Viaje al Cerro Rico de Potosí (1657-1660)" (1998), Los Amigos del Libro
- Bakewell, Peter, "A History of Latin America to 1825" (2010), Willey-Blackwell
- Bourque, SusanCarolyn, "Women of theAndes: Patriarchy and Social Change in Two Peruvian Towns" (1981), University of Michigan Press
- Deustua, José, "Routes, Roads, and Silver Trade in Cerro de Pasco, 1820-1860: The Internal Market in Nineteenth Century Peru", The Hispanic American Historical Review, 1(74), pp.1~31 (1994)
- Deustua, José, "Mining Markets, Peasants, and Power in Nineteenth-Century Peru", Latin American Research Review, 1(29), pp.29~54 (1994)
- Gisbert, Teresa, "LosCuracas delCollao y laConformación de laCulturalMestiza Andina", Senri Ethnological Studies, 33, pp.52~102 (1992)
- Glave, LuisMiguel, "The ‘Republic of Indians’ in Revolt (c. 1680-1790), In TheCambridgeHistory of theNative Peoples of the Americas, Volume III, South America, Part 2", pp.502~507 (1999), Cambridge University Press
- Godoy, Ricardo A., "Technical and Economic Efficiency of Peasant Miners in Bolivia", EconomicDevelopment and Cultural Change, 34(1), pp.103~120 (1985)
- Graubart, Karen B., "Weaving and the Construction of a Gender Division of Labor in Early Colonial Peru", American Indian Quarterly, 24(4), pp.537~561 (2000)
- Hamilton, Sarah, "The Two-HeadedHousehold: Gender and RuralDevelopment in the Ecuadorean Andes" (1998), University of Pittsburgh Press
- Klein, Herbert S., "Haciendas & ‘Ayllus’: Rural Society in the Bolivian Andes in the Eighteenth andNineteenthCenturies, Stanford" (1993), StanfordUniversity Press
- Klein, Herbert S., "Bolivia : The Evolution of aMulti-Ethnic Society" (1992), Oxford University Press
- Larson, Brooke, "Andean Highland Peasants and the Trials of Nation Making during the Nineteenth Century, In The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Volume III, South America, Part 2", pp.558~703 (1999), Cambridge University Press
- Mayer, Enrique, "The Articulated Peasant: Household Economies in the Andes" (2002), Westview Press
- Monteiro, John M., "Labor Systems, In The Cambridge Economic History of Latin America, Volume I., The Colonial Era and the Short Nineteenth Century", pp.185~236 (2006), Cambridge University Press
- Moore, Jason, "This Lofty Mountain of Silver Could Conquer the Whole World : Potosí and the Political Ecology of Underdevelopment, 1545-1800", The Journal of Philosophical Economics, IV(1), pp.58~103 (2010)
- Murra, John V., "El Mundo Andino: Población, Medio Ambiente y Economía, Serie: Historia Andina, Volume 24", pp.2002, IEP
- Nash, June, "Cultural Resistance and Class Consciousness in Bolivian Tin-Mining Commmunities, In Power and Popular Protest: Latin American Social Movements" (2001), University of California Press
- Premo, Bianca, "From the Pockets of Women: The Gendering of Mita, Migration, and Tribute in Colonial Chucuito, Peru", The Americas, 57(1), pp.63~93 (2000)
- Saignes, Thierry, "The Colonial Condition in the Quechua-Aymara Heartland (1570-1780), In The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Volume III., South America, Part 2", pp.59~137 (1999), Cambridge University Press
- Saignes, Thierry, "Notes on the Regional Contribution to the Mita in Potosí in the Early Seventeenth Century", Bulletin of Latin American Research, 4(1), pp.65~76 (1985)
- Salazar-Soler, Carmen, "Los Expertos de laCorona : PoderColonial y Saber Local en el Alto Peru de los Siglos XVI y XVII", De ReMetallica, 13, pp.83~94 (2009)
- Salomon, Frank, "IndianWomen of EarlyColonialQuito as SeenThroughTheir Testaments", The Americas, 44(3), pp.325~341 (1988)
- Schwartz, Stuart B., "NewPeoples andNewKinds of People: Adaptation, Readjustments, and Ethnogenesis in South American Indigenous Societies (Colonial Era), In The CambridgeHistory of theNative Peoples of theAmericas, Volume III., SouthAmerica, Part 2", pp.443~501 (1999), Cambridge University Press
- Serulnikov, Sergio, "Subverting Colonial Authority: Challenges to Spanish Rule in Eighteenth Century Southern Andes" (2003), DukeUniversity Press
- Serulnikov, Sergio, "Disputed Images of Colonialism: Spanish Rule and Indian Subversion in Northern Potosí, 1777-1780", The Hispanic American Historical Review, 76(2), pp.189~226 (1996)
- Silverblatt, Irene, "Moon, Sun, andWitches: Gender Ideologies and Class in Inca and Colonial Peru" (1987), Princeton University Press
- Stavig, Ward, "Continuing the Bleeding of These Pueblos Will Shortly Make Them Cadavers : The PotosiMita, Cultural Identity, and Communal Survival in Colonial Peru", The Americas, 56(4), pp.529~562 (2000)
- Tandeter, Enrique, "Forced and Free Labour in Late Colonial Potosi", Past & Present, 93, pp.98~136 (1981)
- Zulawski, Ann, "Social Differentiation, Gender, and Ethnicity: Urban Indian Women in Colonial Bolivia, 1640-1725", Latin American Research Review, 25(2), pp.93~113 (1990)
- Zulawski, Ann, "Wages, Ore Sharing, and Peasant Agriculture: Labor in Oruro’s Silver Mines, 1607-1720", TheHispanic American Review, 67(3), pp.405~430 (1987)