19세기 후반 중국인 쿨리 해외이주의 개념과 방식
A Research on the Concept and Form of Chinese Coolie Emigration in Second Half 19th Century
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A study about Coolie trade have been studied by lots of Chinese emigration researcher, and many achievement were published. But unexpectedly very basic problem have not yet solved. The biggest question lying before this subject defines a concept and range of coolie trade. Some nonchinese researchers as P. C. Cambell assured that coolie trade occurred from 1845 to 1874, and another emigrations except it were voluntary emigrations even if sometimes there were illegal activities. On the other hand, lots of Chinese researchers classified almost Chinese emigrations like coolie trade, southeast asia emigrations and the Atlantic emigrations in second half of 19C, as involuntary emigrations. By the way in the Chinese researchers, there are three group. One marks coolie trade and southeast emigrations down as involuntary emigrations, the other marks coolie trade and the Atlantic emigrations down as involuntary emigrations, another marks all down as involuntary emigrations. Therefore we need a definite concept about Chinese emigration at this period. To do this, we have to defines term of piggy(猪仔) and coolie(苦力). Wu feng-bin(吳鳳斌) assured that they were same term but Peng jia-li(彭家禮) assert that they were definitely different things. And coolie that means Chinese labour in English was translate into piggy(猪仔), coolie(苦力), new passenger(新客) and contract labour(契約華工) that have different means in a cultural area of Chinese character. Besides, the terms what explain coolie, ‘Contract Labour’ and ‘Indentured Labour’ sometimes were used different meaning in a cultural area of Chinese character. Thus if term and concept of it were not defined, studies of Chinese emigration in 19C would meet with a difficulty. This research considers publications about coolie, classifies Chinese emigration, and defined concept and form of Chinese coolie emigration in 19th century.
Abstract
A study about Coolie trade have been studied by lots of Chinese emigration researcher, and many achievement were published. But unexpectedly very basic problem have not yet solved. The biggest question lying before this subject defines a concept and range of coolie trade. Some nonchinese researchers as P. C. Cambell assured that coolie trade occurred from 1845 to 1874, and another emigrations except it were voluntary emigrations even if sometimes there were illegal activities. On the other hand, lots of Chinese researchers classified almost Chinese emigrations like coolie trade, southeast asia emigrations and the Atlantic emigrations in second half of 19C, as involuntary emigrations. By the way in the Chinese researchers, there are three group. One marks coolie trade and southeast emigrations down as involuntary emigrations, the other marks coolie trade and the Atlantic emigrations down as involuntary emigrations, another marks all down as involuntary emigrations. Therefore we need a definite concept about Chinese emigration at this period. To do this, we have to defines term of piggy(猪仔) and coolie(苦力). Wu feng-bin(吳鳳斌) assured that they were same term but Peng jia-li(彭家禮) assert that they were definitely different things. And coolie that means Chinese labour in English was translate into piggy(猪仔), coolie(苦力), new passenger(新客) and contract labour(契約華工) that have different means in a cultural area of Chinese character. Besides, the terms what explain coolie, ‘Contract Labour’ and ‘Indentured Labour’ sometimes were used different meaning in a cultural area of Chinese character. Thus if term and concept of it were not defined, studies of Chinese emigration in 19C would meet with a difficulty. This research considers publications about coolie, classifies Chinese emigration, and defined concept and form of Chinese coolie emigration in 19th century.
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