Korean Immigrants’ Place in the Discourse of Mestizaje: A History of Race-Class Dynamics and Asian Immigration in Yucatán, Mexico
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At the turn of the nineteenth century, Mexico experienced a series of historic events: the Caste War, the rise of the henequen industry, and the Porfirian project of modernization. These events, combined with the immigration policies at the time, begot an increase of East Asian immigration, which complicated the race-class dynamics especially in the state of Yucatán. Despite the arrival of East Asian immigrants initially as laborers, the changes in their class identity in the process of permanent settlement resulted in the creation of new social categories and the difficulty in positioning them in the existent social dynamics. Amid such difficulty was the contradiction in the Mexican reception of foreign immigrants. Even though Mexico welcomed East Asians in the first place, they were later excluded from the discourse of mestizaje. The account of the first wave of Korean immigration to Mexico is most notable as a case that demonstrates the contradictory attitudes and the complexity of the race-class dynamics in Mexico at the time. Forgotten by Korea due to a political turmoil in East Asia and disregarded by Mexico due to their diminishing economic value and small size, the Korean immigrants were indeed without a place in terms of national and cultural identity in the host country. That is, while Koreans as physical individuals inevitably mixed into Mexican society both biologically and culturally, Korean as an ethnicity was unable to become a part of what constituted Mexicanidad. By looking into the (lack of) Mexican references to Korean immigrants in official government correspondences and Yucatecan print media from 1904 to 1909, this thesis reinterprets the significance of Korean immigration from a Mexican perspective. Unlike most analyses that tend to read Korean immigration only as an extension of Korean history, it contextualizes the event within Mexican history. It also identifies the economic and political interests of the Mexican government and Yucatecan plantation owners in relation to its Korean population.
Abstract
At the turn of the nineteenth century, Mexico experienced a series of historic events: the Caste War, the rise of the henequen industry, and the Porfirian project of modernization. These events, combined with the immigration policies at the time, begot an increase of East Asian immigration, which complicated the race-class dynamics especially in the state of Yucatán. Despite the arrival of East Asian immigrants initially as laborers, the changes in their class identity in the process of permanent settlement resulted in the creation of new social categories and the difficulty in positioning them in the existent social dynamics. Amid such difficulty was the contradiction in the Mexican reception of foreign immigrants. Even though Mexico welcomed East Asians in the first place, they were later excluded from the discourse of mestizaje. The account of the first wave of Korean immigration to Mexico is most notable as a case that demonstrates the contradictory attitudes and the complexity of the race-class dynamics in Mexico at the time. Forgotten by Korea due to a political turmoil in East Asia and disregarded by Mexico due to their diminishing economic value and small size, the Korean immigrants were indeed without a place in terms of national and cultural identity in the host country. That is, while Koreans as physical individuals inevitably mixed into Mexican society both biologically and culturally, Korean as an ethnicity was unable to become a part of what constituted Mexicanidad. By looking into the (lack of) Mexican references to Korean immigrants in official government correspondences and Yucatecan print media from 1904 to 1909, this thesis reinterprets the significance of Korean immigration from a Mexican perspective. Unlike most analyses that tend to read Korean immigration only as an extension of Korean history, it contextualizes the event within Mexican history. It also identifies the economic and political interests of the Mexican government and Yucatecan plantation owners in relation to its Korean population.
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