브라질 대통령선거와 계급투표: 2002년과 2006년 대통령선거를 중심으로
Presidential Elections and Class Voting in Brazil: With a Special Reference to 2002 and 2006 Presidential Election
0
조회
0
다운로드
5
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Abstract
It cannot be denied that the tendency of left-wing governments to gain political power in Latin America is due to the failure of neoliberal economic policies as well as social structural conditions such as high inequality level and widespread poverty, Despite the fact that this macro level causality is made from voting behaviors of individual citizens at the micro level, there hasn't been enough research on this subject. This study aims to provide a micro foundation for the explanation of the macro phenomenon of left-wing government revival, and thus conducts a comparative analysis of voting actions in 2002 and 2006 Brazilian presidential elections, which led the trend of Latin American left-wing government revival. Out of a comparative analysis of Brazilian presidential elections, this study came up with the following facts. First, both 2002 and 2006 presidential elections have shown the existence of class voting phenomenon at a significant level, and the tendency towards class voting was strengthened in 2006 presidential election, which proves the empirical validity of the class voting theory. Second, it can be said that true class voting took place in 2006 presidential election. In addition to the fact that the class voting tendency grew stronger, there was a bi-polarization between the pro-Lula bloc composed of non-privileged class categories and the anti-Lula bloc composed of privileged class categories, which strengthened the congruence of class location and class position. Third, in the case of class categories which showed a change in support rate for Lula between year 2002 and 2006, the support rate of non-privileged class categories went up, while the support rate of privileged class categories declined. This can also verify the class nature of Lula government indirectly. Fourth, bi-polarization between the privileged bloc and the non-privileged bloc regarding Lula government, and the subsequent strengthening of class voting tendency was shown not only among class categories, but also within each class category. Finally, relatively stronger bi-polarization in 2006 presidential election compared with year 2002 means that ideological bi-polarization developed under the left-wing Lula government, while social and economic bi-polarization developed under neoliberal economic policies.
참고문헌 (48)
- 조돈문, "브라질 룰라정부 집권 2년과 ＂성공(?)의 덫＂", 경제와 사회, (67), pp.113~136 (2005), 비판사회학회
- 조돈문, "룰라 정부 집권 전반부의 사회정책과 계급 정체성: 경제적 불평등 문제를 중심으로", 동향과 전망, (65), pp.200~228 (2005), 한국사회과학연구회
- 조돈문, "브라질 노동자당의 집권과 계급적 기초", 동향과 전망, (72), pp.287~325 (2008), 한국사회과학연구회
- Achterberg, Peter, "Class Voting in the New Political Culture: Economic, Cultural and Environmental Voting in 20 Western Countries", International Sociology, 21(2), pp.237~261 (2006)
- Andersen, Robert, "Class Matters: the Persisting Effects of Contextual Social Class on Individual Voting in Britain, 1964-1997", European Sociological Review, 18(2), pp.125~138 (2002)
- Andersen, Robert, "Class Politics and Political Context in Britain, 1964-1997: Have Voters Become More Individualized?", European Sociological Review, 22(2), pp.215~228 (2006)
- Balbachevsky, Elizabeth, "Identidade, oposição e pragmatismo: o conteúdo estratégico da decisão eleitoral em 13 anos de eleições", Opinião Pública, 10(2), pp.242~253 (2004)
- Baudrillard, J., "For a Critique of the Political Economy of the Sign" (1981), St. Louis: Telos
- Bell, Daniel, "The Coming of Postindustrial Society: a Venture in Social Forecasting" (1974), Harmondsworth: Penguin
- Brooks, Clem, "Cleavage-based Voting Behavior in Cross-national Perspective: Evidence from Six Postwar Democracies", Social Science Research, 35, pp.88~128 (2006)
- Charnock, David, "Class and Voting in the 1996 Australian Federal Election", Electoral Studies, 16(3), pp.281~300 (1997)
- Clark, T. N., "What Have We Learned in a Decade on Class and Party Politics? in The Breakdown of Class Politics: A Debate on Post-Industrial Stratification", pp.6~39 (2001), Boulder: Westview Press
- Coutinho, Ciro, "A eleição de 2002", Opinião Pública, 9(2), pp.93~118 (2003)
- Datafolha, "Avaliação governo FHC", ~ (2002), 2002.12.15
- Datafolha, "Avaliação presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva", ~ (2003), 2003.6.28
- Datafolha, "Avaliação presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva", ~ (2004), 2004.12.26
- Datafolha, "Avaliação presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva", ~ (2006), 2006.12.18
- Esping-Andersen, Gøsta, "Politics Against Markets: The Social Democratic Road to Power, Princeton" (1985), Princeton University Press
- Esping-Andersen, Gøsta, "The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism" (1990), Princeton University Press.
- Evans, Geoffrey, "The End of Class Politics? Class Voting in Comparative Context" (1999), Oxford University Press
- Featherstone, M, "Consumer Culture and Postmodernism" (1991), Sage
- Giddens, A, "Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age" (1991), Polity
- Goldthorpe, J. H, "The Affluent Worker: Political Aattitudes and Behavior" (1968), Cambridge University Press
- Hechter, Michael, "From Class to Culture", The American Journal of Sociology, 110(2), pp.400~445 (2004)
- Hicks, Alexander, "Social Democracy and Welfare Capitalism" (1999), Cornell University Press
- Huber, Everlyne, "Development and Crisis of the Welfare State: Parties and Policies in Global Markets" (2001), University of Chicago Press
- Inglehart, Ronald, "Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies" (1997), Princeton University Press
- Inglehart, Ronald, "Political Realighment in Advanced Industrial Society: from Class-based Politics to Quality-of-life Politics", Government and Opposition, 21(4), pp.456~479 (1986)
- Korpi, Walter, "The Working Class in Welfare Capitalism: Work, Unions and Politics in Sweden" (1978), Routledge & Kegan Paul
- Lula da Silva, "Carta ao povo brasileiro", 2002.6.22, PT, ~ (2002)
- Manza, Jeff, "Class Voting in Capitalist Democracies since World War II: Dealignment, Realignment, or Trendless Fluctuation?", Annual Review of Sociology, 21, pp.7~62 (1995)
- Meneguello, Rachel, "PT: a formação de um partido, 1979-1982", Paz e Terra, ~ (1989)
- Meneguello, Rachel, "Marcos da esquerda brasileira nos anos 90: dilemas e avanços do Partido dos Trabalhadores", Universidade de Campinas, outubro de 2002, ~ (2002)
- Mertes, Tom, "A Republican Proletariat", New Left Review, 30(Nov), pp.37~47 (2004)
- Miguel, Luis Felipe, "From Equality to Opportunity: Trans for mations in the Discourse of the Workers' Party in the 2002 Elections", Latin American Perspectives, 33(4), pp.122~143 (2006)
- Newby, Howard, "The Deferential Worker" (1977), Allen Lane
- Nieuwbeerta, P, "The Democratic Class Struggle in Postwar Societies: Traditional Class Voting in Twenty Countries, 1945-1990 in The Breakdown of Class Politics: A debate on Post-Industrial Stratification", pp.137~161 (2001), Westview Press
- Oliveira, Francisco, "Lula é refundação do Brasil, diz sociologo" (2002), Folha de São Paulo
- Parkin, Frank, "Working Class Conservatives", British Journal of Sociology, 18, pp.278~290 (1967)
- Przeworski, Adam, "Capitalism and Social Democracy" (1985), Cambridge University Press
- Rodrigues, Leônico Martins, "Partidos, ideologia e composição social: um estudo das bancadas partidárias na Câmara dos Deputados" (2002), Edusp
- Samuels, David, "As Bases do Petismo", Opinião Pública, 10(2), pp.221~241 (2004)
- Samuels, David, "From Socialism to Social Democracy: Party Organization and the Transformation of the Workers' Party in Brazil", Comparative Political Studies, 37(9), pp.999~1024 (2004)
- Singer, André, "O PT" (2001), Publifolha
- Tavolaro, Sergio B.F, "Accounting for Lula's Second-Term Electoral Victory: 'Leftism' without a Leftist Project?", Constellations, 14(3), pp.426~444 (2007)
- Weakliem, David L, "Class Voting, Social Change, and the Left in Australia, 1943-96", British Journal of Sociology, 59(4), pp.609~630 (1999)
- Westergaard, J. H., "The Rediscovery of the Cash Nexus: Some Recent Interpretations of Trends in Britsh Class Structure inThe Socialist Register 1970" (1970), Merlin Press
- Wiener, Jon, "Working-Class Republicans and 'False Consciousness'", Dissent, 52(2), pp.55~58 (2005)