국가 동기의 복합성과 구조적 현실주의의 생존동기 편향성
The complexity of national motives and the security-motive bias of structural realism
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무정부적 국제체제 속에서 모든 국가는 생존을 추구한다는 ‘생존동기’ 가정은 현실주의 국제정치이론의 대표적 명제로 간주되고 있다. 그러나 현실주의 전통의 긴 역사 속에서 생존동기 가정은 보편적 명제라기보다는 월츠 이후로 나타난 일탈에 가까웠다. 투퀴디데스(Thucydides) 이후 고전적 현실주의자들은 국가행위 동기(motive)의 복합성을 인식했으나, 월츠에 의해 생존동기 ‘편향성(bias)’이 시작되었으며, 그의 후예들에 의해 그 현상이 보편화되었다. 투퀴디데스를 비롯한 고전적 현실주의자들에게 국가 동기의 복합성은 국제정치의 본질적 측면이었으며, 그래서 그들은 국가 동기에 대한 이론을 정립하기 위해 노력했다. 반면에 구조적 현실주의를 제창한 월츠는 간결하고 과학적인 국제체제이론을 만들기 위해 국가 동기를 생존동기로 단순화 하였다. 구조적 현실주의가 국제정치학계를 지배하면서, 국제정치이론에서 국가의 동기에 대한 관심은 거의 사라졌고, 전쟁의 원인 등 국제정치현상을 분석하는 과정에서도 무비판적으로 사용되었다. 이 논문에서는 현실주의 전통에서 생존동기 편향성이 나타나는 과정을 살펴보고, 생존동기 가정을 ‘자존동기’ 가정으로 치환할 경우 무정부상태 하에서 국가들의 행동이 달라진다고 주장하는 ‘구성주의적 현실주의자’들의 논의를 바탕으로 국가 동기의 복합성에 대한 성찰의 필요성을 제기한다.
Abstract
The assumption that every state pursues security in an anarchical international system is considered a foundational proposition of realist theory. In the long history of the realist tradition, however, this assumption was more of a deviation that has emerged since Waltz, rather than a universal proposition. For classical realists, including Thucydides, the complexity of national motives was considered an essential aspect of international politics, so they sought to establish a theory of national motives. Waltz, who advocated structural realism, reduced the national motive to that of a ‘security-motive’ to propose a simple scientific international system theory, and his intellectual descendants generalized that approach. As structural realism dominated studies of international relations, interest in national motivation waned, while the assumption of ‘security-motive’ has been used uncritically in analyzing international political phenomena, such as the cause of war. This article examines the occurrence of bias in the realist tradition and points out the need for reflection on the complexity of national motives based on the discussion of ‘constructivist realists’. Constructivist realists argue that the behavior of states under anarchy can change when the assumption of 'security-motive' is replaced by the assumption of the ‘self-esteem-motive’.
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