나토의 핵 공유가 갖는 한국의 전술핵 배치에 대한 함의
NATO’s Nuclear Sharing: Implications for South Korea’s Tactical Nuclear Deployment
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한국과 나토의 전술핵 배치와 관련된 미국의 전략 및 논리는 정합성이 취약하다. 미국은 소련·러시아의 위협의 강도에 비례해 나토에 전술핵을 배치했고 핵 전쟁 가능성이 줄었음에도 정치적 이유로 나토 전술핵을 최소한의 억제 수단으로 유지하고 있다. 이런 상황은 한국에 전술핵 배치와 관련한 함의를 준다. 첫째, 북핵 위협이 강화되고 있지만 전술핵 배치 필요 논의를 피하고, 나토와 달리 전술핵의 정치적 역할을 부인하는 미국에 대해 한국은 나토 상황을 근거로 동맹으로서 전술핵 재배치를 요구할 권리가 있음을 적시할 수 있다. 둘째, 전술핵 배치 요구 시 미국의 시혜적·일방적 재배치를 배제하고 ‘위험 공유’와 ‘역할 분담’이라는 나토의 ‘항구적 방식’이 돼야 함을 한국은 명백히 해야 한다. 논의 과정에서 한국은 미국과 나토 70년 전술핵 공유 역사에서 핵의 물리적·작전적·정보적 공유와 관련된 10개 조치가 북한 압박 및 비핵화 유도를 위한 수단으로 활용될 수 있음을 소통해야 한다.
Abstract
US strategy and logic related to the deployment of tactical nuclear weapons to South Korea and to NATO are inconsistent. The US deployed nuclear weapons to NATO in proportion to the degree of threat from the Soviet Union (Russia), and maintained them as a minimum deterrent for political reasons, even though the possibility of a nuclear war decreased. Yet, even though the North Korean nuclear threat to the South is intensifying, the US has denied the need to deploy tactical nuclear weapons, and insists their political meaning is unlike that of NATO. The US even dismissed the importance of nuclear weapons as a minimum deterrence measure against North Korea. Accordingly, South Korea has the right to demand that the US redeploy tactical nuclear weapons as in NATO member countries. We should also consider NATO’s approach of ‘risk sharing and role sharing’ rather than just relocation. It is necessary to prepare 10 measures, including the physical sharing of nuclear weapons and the sharing of nuclear information, with reference to NATO’s 70-year tactical nuclear history. We need to use them to pressure North Korea and induce denuclearization.
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