동맹과 핵공유: NATO 사례와 한반도 전술핵 재배치에 대한 시사점
Alliances and Nuclear Sharing: The NATO Case and the Implications on Reintroducing of TNW into the Korean Peninsula
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북한의 핵 능력이 고도화되면서 미군 전술핵 병기를 주한미군에 재반입해야 한다는 주장이나 한미 양국의 확장억제 논의를 북대서양조약기구(NATO) 수준으로 강화하는 방안이 주목을 받은 바 있다. 전자의 경우 유럽 미군기지에서 미국 전술핵탄두를 관리하는 ‘핵공유’ 프로토콜이, 후자의 경우 1966년 구성된 나토 핵계획그룹(NPG)이 일종의 벤치마크 역할을 하고 있다. 그러나 그간 유럽에서 진행돼 온 관련 논의를 종합해보면, 주요 나토 동맹국은 이러한 메커니즘의 실효성에 상당한 회의를 품어온 반면 그러한 문제제기로 인해 미국측이 독점적 결정권을 양보하거나 핵 사용의 시기∙방법∙목표물 선정 등의 핵심사항을 구체적으로 상의할 수 있는 제도적 장치를 수용한 경우는 발견되지 않는다. 이에 따라 본 논문은 유럽 전구의 미국 전술핵 배치가 군사대비태세 강화 같은 실질적 목적보다는 동맹에 대한 미국의 정치적 의지와 안보공약을 상징하는 차원에서 이뤄졌다는 사실에 주목해야 한다고 주장한다.
Abstract
As North Korea’s nuclear capability grows, significant attention has been drawn to the idea of reintroducing US tactical nuclear weapons into the Korean Peninsula and/or enhancing the ROK-US consultation regarding extended deterrence. Though in both assertions the European case, i.e. Nuclear Sharing protocol of NATO and Nuclear Planning Group is used as a benchmark, further analysis reveals that there has been wide skepticism from European countries regarding the practical utility of this protocol in terms of its military value. As a matter of fact, European countries have continually sought after an arrangement to share authority over these weapons. However, the U.S. has never accepted any significant institutional co-mechanism to make key decisions such as condition of release in contingency or writing target packages, etc. In this vein, this article argues that the major purpose of the NATO protocol was primarily a demonstration of the political will or commitment to the alliance of the U.S. throughout the Cold War. Consequently, Korea has to recognize this history if in the future it pursues a similar protocol.
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