러시아어 서술사의 통시적 발전과 통사적 특징
Historical development of the Russian predicators and their syntax
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초록
슬라브어의 역사에서 이차서술을 표현하였던 이중대격구문이 술어 조격 또는 서술사가 사용된 구문으로 발전하였다. 본고에서는 이 두 발전 양상의 상보적 분포를 근거로 하여 제안한 Bailyn (2002)의 서술사 이론을 통시적 자료를 바탕으로 수정할 것을 제안한다. 본고에서는 각각 기원을 달리하는 서술사 jako, v, 그리고 byti를 살펴본다. 첫째, 서술사가 포함된 서술구에서는 일치 자질이 부분적으로 유보되어 디폴트 실현이 가능하다는 것을 보일 것이다. 둘째, 서술사 jako(kak)가 술어 조격의 점검을 막지 않는다는 것을 명백히 보여주는 언어 자료를 제시하여 Bailyn의 격 흡수 (case absorption) 가설을 반박하며 격 전달 (case transmittance) 가설을 제안한다. 셋째, 서술사는 어원이 되는 형태의 의미 및 통사적 자질을 어느 정도 유지한다. 방향을 나타내는 전치사에서 기원한 서술사 v는 idti v soldaty ‘입대하다’와 같이 직업이나 직책의 집합을 나타내는 데 한정되어 있다. 접속사 기원 서술사 jako는 전치사구 뿐 아니라 술어의 위치에 매우 폭넓은 품사를 허용한다. 그리고 서술사 byti는 주어와 술어의 위치에 따라 서술문이나 지정문으로 각각 해석되는 연결사의 속성을 이어받는다. 이와 같은 통시적 자료는 본고에서 제시한 Bailyn의 서술사 이론에 대한 수정을 정당화한다.
Abstract
In the history of the Slavic language, the secondary predication was expressed by the double accusative construction, which then yielded over time to configurations either with predicate instrumental or with overt predicators. Based on diachronic data, this paper attempts to modify Bailyn and CItko’s (1999) Morphological Pred Rule, which is supposed to account for a complementary distribution between the predicate instrumental and overt predicator choices. It covers jako, v, and byti from the time of Old Church Slavonic to the present-day Russian, which are different in origin and show different behaviors for their common denominator as predicator. First and foremost, predicator proper (jako/kak and some of byti) transmits the case of NP1 to NP2. This case transmittance hypothesis is substantially different from Bailyn and Citko’s case absorption hypothesis. A crucial set of data demonstrates that an overt predicator does not block the checking of the instrumental case. Second, predicators retain some of their erstwhile properties, whether semantic or syntactic. For instance, a predicator v with an origin in directional preposition is limited to denoting a set of people with certain occupation or capacity, e.g., idti v soldaty ‘join the army.’ A conjunction-based predicator jako has a wide range of category selection. A predicator byti inherits from a copula the variant meanings depending on the position of subject with respect to predicate. That is, a predicational sentence is interpreted as specificational, when a predicate is raised to become a subject. Such diachronic evidence renders perfectly justified the proposed modification of Bailyn’s predicator hypothesis.
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