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중국과 자유주의 무역질서: 중국, 보호주의, 그리고 WTO 분쟁을 중심으로

China and Liberal Trade Order: China, Protectionism, and WTO Disputes

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주제분류정치외교학

초록

이 논문은 “중국이 자유주의 무역질서의 옹호자인가 도전자인가?”라는 질문에 대해, 중국의 WTO 분쟁해결제도 경험을 중심으로 답을 구하려 한다. 자유주의 국제질서와 중국, 자유주의 무역질서와 중국의 관계에 대한 기존 논의들은 도전의 방식과 성격을 엄격하게 개념화하지 못했다는 점에서, 또한 경험적 근거를 제시하는 데 부족했다는 점에서 한계를 가진다. 여기서는 도전의 방식(내부적-외부적)과 성격(연성-경성)을 기초로 네 가지 범주를 나누고, 각 범주에 입각해서 중국의 다양한 입장과 행동을 구분하고자 했다. 현 시기 자유주의 무역질서의 가장 심각한 위협인 ‘보호주의’ 문제에 있어, 중국이 자유무역규범의 상습적인 위반자이거나 급진적인 도전자라는 근거를 찾기 어렵다. 중국의 WTO 분쟁해결 행태인 대응적 법률주의는 ‘도전’의 낮은 단계인 ‘적응’으로 더 잘 설명된다. 참가한 분쟁의 빈도와 성격, 절차적 결과와 실질적 결과, 분쟁결과의 실행과 준수 정도 등의 여러 지표들을 살펴볼 때, 중국은 WTO 규범의 상습적 위반자, 급진적 도전자, 다자무역체제에 대한 ‘내부적 경성도전자’ 또는 ‘외부적 경성도전자’이기보다 ‘내부적 연성도전자’ 또는 ‘외부적 연성도전자’에 가깝다. 그리고 가까운 미래에 중국이 전면적 도전자로 급변할 것이라는 근거 역시 아직까지 발견할 수 없다.

Abstract

This article explores whether China is a supporter for or challenger to liberal trade order, by examining China’s behavior under the WTO dispute settlement mechanism(DSM). In order to differentiate various types of challenges, I used the 2x2 categories of ‘internal-external’ and ‘soft-hard.’ The key indicators of the China’s dispute settlement behavior―the frequency of China’s appearance as a complainant/respondent, the procedural and substantive outcomes of China-related disputes, the degree of China’s compliance to dispute decisions, etc.― tell us that China is still in the stages of adaption and socialization, which is the lower level of ‘internal-soft’ challenge. There is no direct and clear evidence that China is a radical and hard challenger to the WTO.

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