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미-중 WTO 무역분쟁 사안의 관련 법률적 분석

An Analysis on Related WTO Rules of WTO Disputes Cases between the US and China

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초록

중국의 WTO 분쟁 사안은 무역분쟁이 더욱 격화하고 있는 미국과의 분쟁 사안이 단연 높은 상태이다. 중국이 제기한 제소 건수의 75.0%가 미국에 집중되어 있고 피소 건수에서도 미국의 비중이 53.5%를 차지하고 있어 양국 간의 치열한 패권 경쟁을 짐작할 수 있다. 특히 2018년 미-중 통상분쟁의 심화와 더불어 양국 간의 WTO 분쟁 사안도 더욱 증가하고 있다. 이에 중국과 미국 간의 WTO 분쟁 사안은 2018년 10월 기준으로 제소 15건과 피소 23건 등 총 38건으로 가장 많은 상태이며, 중국의 전체 WTO 분쟁 건수에서 60.3%의 비중을 차지하고 있다. 중국이 미국을 제소한 분쟁 사안은 최혜국대우 원칙(GATT 1994), 반덤핑, 보조금 및 상계조치, 세이프가드 등을 통한 미국의 수입 제한조치의 자의적 운용과 관련하여 발생한 분쟁이 대부분을 차지하고 있다. 반면에, 중국이 미국으로부터 피소를 당한 분쟁 사안은 내국민대우 원칙(GATT 1994), 보조금 및 상계조치 협정, GATS, 반덤핑 협정 등 중국의 법·제도운영 상의 투명성 결여와 관련되어 발생한 문제 제기이다. 중국의 WTO 분쟁 사안에서 미국이 차지하는 비중이 높은 주요 이유는 무엇보다도 미국과의 무역 규모가 크고 중국의 무역흑자가 상당히 큰 규모이기 때문이다. 미국과의 무역에서 중국의 무역수지흑자가 크게 개선되지 않는 한 앞으로도 통상분쟁과 위안화 평가를 둘러싼 미-중 양국 간의 논쟁은 지속할 것이며 더욱 가중될 것이다. 더욱이 미-중 통상분쟁과 더불어 WTO 제소 건수가 증가하고 있음은 최근 들어 중국의 통상정책 방향이 더욱 공격적인 자세로 변화하고 있다는 점에서 한국도 주의가 필요하다고 생각한다.

Abstract

China's WTO dispute case is very high in the WTO dispute with the United States, where trade disputes are intensifying. 75.0% cases of the complaints by China are concentrated in the US, and the US accounts for 53.5% cases of the respondents by China. It can be assumed that there is a very intense hegemonic competition between the two countries. In particular, as the US-China trade disputes intensify in 2018, WTO disputes between the two countries are increasing. As of October 2018, the WTO disputes between China and the US are 38 cases accounting for 60.3% of China's WTO disputes, including 15 complaint cases and 23 respondent cases. The disputes cases that China has filed the complaint against the US are disputes related to the overuse of US's import restrictions such as the Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (GATT 1994), anti-dumping, subsidies and countervailing measures, and safeguards, etc. On the other hand, the disputes cases that the US has filed the complaint against China are disputes related to the lack of transparency in the operation of laws and systems in China, including the National Treatment(GATT 1994), subsidies and countervailing measures, GATS, and anti-dumping, etc. The main reason why the US occupies very large part of the WTO disputes cases of China is that the US records a lot of trade deficit from China every year. If China does not significantly improve trade surplus in trade with the US, the US-China's trade conflict will continue and further increase year by year. Furthermore, China recently moves to increase that has filed the complaint against the US in WTO DSB with the US-China’s trade conflict. It means that China's trade policy has changed in a more aggressive direction. Therefore, Korea needs to pay closer attention to China's trade policy changes.

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