북아일랜드 평화 프로세스의 성공요인: 정책, 리더십, 국제적 차원을 중심으로
The Success of Northern Ireland Peace Process: Policy, Leadership, and International Support
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이 논문은 1998년 성금요일 협정을 계기로 분쟁해결과 평화구축의 이행과정을 보여주는 대표적 사례로 평가되는 북아일랜드 평화 프로세스의 성공요인을 정책과 리더십, 국제적 차원의 세 가지 요소로 나눠서 분석한다. 북아일랜드 평화 프로세스를 성공으로이끈 정책적 요인으로는 시민사회를 평화협정의 주체로 이끌어내는 공동체 교섭 과정을통해 다자협정을 체결하고 이 다자협약의 이행을 영국과 아일랜드 정부사이의 국제조약을 통해 보장하는 형식을 취한 점을 들 수 있다. 리더십 요인으로는 평화 프로세스가갈등의 시대를 더 이상 긍정하지 않으면서 동시에 평화의 시대를 준비하기 위해 기존입장을 바꿔야 하는 이중적 상황을 불가피하게 가져올 때 시민들을 설득하여 평화협정에 대한 지지를 끌어내는 데 영국 블레어 총리를 비롯한 정치지도자들의 역할이 중요했음을 의미한다. 북아일랜드 평화협정에서 가장 결정적인 역할은 미국과 유럽연합의 정치적, 재정적 지원으로 대표되는 국제적 요인에서 찾을 수 있다. 북아일랜드 경험은 지역의 문제를 국제화함으로써 오랫동안 누적된 갈등을 풀어갈 실마리를 찾고 이후 평화협정의 안정적 이행을 감시할 규정력을 확보하는 것이 중요하다는 점을 보여준다. 정책과 리더십, 국제적 지지 등 세 가지 요인이 복합적으로 작용하여 북아일랜드 평화 프로세스는 ‘분쟁의 시기’를 벗어났고 이 과정은 세계의 다른 지역 분쟁 해결에도 시사점을 제공할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.
Abstract
This paper analyzes the success of Northern Ireland's peace process with a focus on three factors: policy, leadership, and international support. This paper also seeks to find general implication for conflict resolution and peace settlement in other regions including Korea. With respect to the policy factor, the process of community bargaining, which enabled Northern Irish civil society to become main agents of peace process brought in a multilateral agreement with its implementation being guaranteed through the agreement between the British and Irish governments. When it comes to leadership, the important efforts were made by Tony Blair, who was the prime minister of the UK, John Hume from the Social Democratic and Labour Party, and David Trimble from the Ulster Unionist Party, who were jointly awarded The Nobel Peace Prize in 1998. Politicians persuaded citizens to participate in the peace process distanced away from previous violent struggles with an inevitable double stance in a transition period. The international factor, the support of USA and the EU, could be seen as having the most significant role in the success of Northern Ireland Peace Process. The European Union adopted the ‘EU Programme for Peace and Reconciliation in Northern Ireland’ supporting projects such as community establishment, trust building, and youth education. The USA also supported political and economic aid through the ‘International Fund for Ireland.’ In sum, the success of Northern Ireland Peace Process was the combination of the three factors of policy, leadership and international support. The analysis of a Northern Ireland case surrounding these three factors can provide a kind of universal standard to seek conflict resolution and peace settlement in other regions of the world.
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