북아일랜드 평화 프로세스의 정치경제학
Political Economy of the Peace Process in Northern Ireland
0
조회
0
다운로드
2
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
북아일랜드의 갈등은 종교적 갈등으로 시작되었지만 카톨릭에 대한 사회적 차별과 경제적 불평등으로 구조적 갈등이다. 이러한 구조적 원인은 카톨릭과 프로테스탄트 간의 갈등이 폭력적 성격을 띠게 되는 주요한 배경이다. 영국정부는 이를 해결하기 위해서 경제적 불평등을 해소하기 위한 다양한 정책들이 제시되면서 점진적으로 개선되기는 했지만 모두 일정한 한계가 있었다. 1998년 성금요일 협정 – 혹은 벨파스트 협정 –의 극적 타결로 북아일랜드 평화프로세스가 본격적으로 시작되면서 차별과 불평등은 감소되기 시작했다. 협정 이후 평등 위원회가 설치되었으며, 북아일랜드 법의 제정되었다. 그 결과 노동시장에서 카톨릭에 대한 차별은 협정 이후 20년 동안 점진적으로 감소되었다. 그렇지만 경제적 불평등은 여전히 중요한 문제이다. 협정 이후 신자유주의적 경제정책이 추진되었지만 시장은 평등과 정의를 실현하는 데에는 실패했다. ‘평화배당(peace dividend)’은 갈등의 중심지였던 주변화된 지역으로까지 확산되지 못했다. 북아일랜드 평화 프로세스는 경제적 평등과 사회정의의 실현이 영구적인 평화정착의 전제조건이라는 점을 말해주고 있다. 평등과 정의는 평화의 전제조건이다.
Abstract
Northern Ireland’s Conflicts began as a religious conflict between Catholic and Protestant, but became a structural conflict based on social discrimination and economic inequality. These structural causes were a main environment that a conflict between Catholic and Protestant spreaded violent conflicts. The Britain Governments suggest various policies and improved slowly which all had some limits to solve the problems. The Good Friday Agreement(or the Belfast Agreement) was the start of the peace process which provided an opportunity to reduce the discrimination and the inequality in Northern Ireland. The equality Commission which the Agreement proposed was established and the Northern Ireland Act was enacted. So, the discrimination against Catholic has been decreasing gradually for 20 years after the agreement. However, Economic Inequality is still the most important problem. The neoliberal economic policies have been pursuing, the market failed to practice equality and justice. ‘peace dividend’ did not be spilled over the marginalised areas which were the center of the conflicts in Northen Ireland. The Northern Ireland Peace Process shows that economic inequality and social justice are the main preconditions for permanent peace. Equality and justice are the preconditions of peace.
참고문헌 (35)
- Aunger, Edmund A., "Religion and Occupational Class in Northern Ireland", Economic and Social Review, 7(1) (1975)
- Baker. John, "Equality: From Theory to Action" (2004), Palgrave Macmilan
- Brownlow, Graham, "Ulster Since 1600: Politics, Economy, and Society" (2012), Oxford University Press
- Burke, Lauren, "Vicious Cycle or Business Cycle?: Explaining Political Violence in Northern Ireland after the Troubles", CrissCross, 2(2) (2014)
- Cannon, David, "Northern Ireland and the Political Economy of Peace: Neoliberalism and the end of the Troubles", Ph.D, pp.2003
- Coulter, Colin, "Under Which Constitutional Arrangement would you prefer to be unemployed?: Neoliberalism, the Peace Process, and the Politics of Class in Northern Ireland", Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 37 (2014)
- Coulter, Colin, "Northern Ireland’s elusive peace dividend: Neoliberalism, Austerity, and the Politics of Class", Capital & Class, 43(1) (2019)
- Fenton, Siobhán, "The Good Friday Agreement" (2018), Biteback Publishing
- Johnston, Richard, "Understanding Productivity in Northern Ireland", Ulster University Policy Center, ~ (2016)
- Maney, Gregory, "Variations in the Cause of Ethnonationalist Violence: Northern Ireland, 1969~72", The International Journal of Conflict Management, 16(1) (2005)
- Muttarak, Hamill, "Does Affirmative Action Work? Evidence from the Operation of Fair Employment Legislation in Northern Ireland", Sociology, 47(3) (2012)
- Northern Ireland Peace Monitoring Report, "Nolan, Paul", ~, pp.Northern Ireland Peace Monitoring Report. no.1 (2012)
- Office of First Minister and Deputy First Minister, "A Shared Future: Policy and Strategic Framework for Good Relations in Northern Ireland", ~ (2005)
- "Northern Ireland Act", ~ (1998)
- O’hearn, Denis, "How has Peace Changed the Northern Irish Political Economy?", Ethnopolitics, 7(1) (2008)
- Pugh, Michael, "The Political Economy of Peacebuilding: A Critical Theory Perspective", International Journal of Peace Studies, 10(2) (2005)
- Richmond, Oliver, "The Problem: understanding the ‘Liberal Peace’", Conflict, Security & Development, 6(3) (2006)
- Rose, Richard, "Governing without Consensus: An Irish Perspective" (1971), Faber and Faber
- Teague, Paul, "Beyond the Rhetoric: Politics, the Economy and Social Policy in Northern Ireland" (1987), Lawrence and Wishart
- Northern Ireland: the Political Economy of Peace, "Teague, Paul", The Senator George J. Mitchell Institute for Global Peace, Security, and Justice, ~ (2016)
- Teague, Paul, "Catholics and Protestants in the N. Ireland Labour Market: Why Does One Group Perform Better Than The Other?", Economy and Society, 26 (1997)
- The Portland Trust, "Economics in Peacemaking: Lessons from Northern Ireland", ~ (2007)
- Thompson, Jhon, "The Plural Society Approach to Class and Ethnic Political Mobilization", Ethnic and Racial Studies, 6 (1983)
- Thompson, Jhon, "Deprivation and Political Violence in Northern Ireland, 1992-1985", The Journal of Confilct Resoultion, 33(4) (1992)
- The Dynamics of Conflict: Political Economy, Equality, and Conflict, "Todd, Jennifer", IBIS, ~, pp.IBIS Working Paper. no. 110 (2011)
- "아일랜드 헌법", ~
- "김정은 제1비서 7차 당대회 중앙위원회 사업총화보고" (2016)[URL]
- Cameron Report: Disturbances in Northern Ireland, , ~ (1969)
- Julian O'Neill, "Unemployment in NI rises but remains less than UK average", BBC NEWS, ~ (2018)
- "North Korea's economy grows 3.7% in 2017: professor" (2018)[URL]
- "The Agreement: Agreement reached in the multi-party negotiations"[URL]
- "The NINE MACBRIDE PRINCIPALES" (1996)[URL]
- "Reality Check: Does Northern Ireland get more public cash than rest of UK?", BBC NEWS, ~ (2017)
- "Unemployment rate in Northern Ireland (UK) from 2000 to 2018"[URL]