프랑스 극우정당에 대한 연구:국민전선을 중심으로
A study on the French National Front
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2002년 프랑스 대통령선거에서의 국민전선 후보인 르펜의 결선진출은 프랑스는 물론 유럽전체에 큰 충격을 던져 주었다. 극우세력에 대한 프랑스 전체사회의 경계와 언론의 악마화 과정을 통하여 대통령선거는 물론 하원에서도 의석을 가지지는 못하였지만 국민전선은 여전히 프랑스정치에서 중요한 정치세력으로 남아있다. 항의정당, 거부정당, 분노의 배출투표 등으로 묘사되기에는 한계를 가지는 국민전선에 대한 지지는 후기산업사회의 가치선호에 따른 균열구조 안에 각인된 신우파 성향의 ‘우파권위주의’로 이해할 때 총체적인 이해가 가능해 진다. 1995년 이후 나타난 ‘국민전선의 프롤레타리아화’는 후기산업사회에서의 유권자 분포 변화와 이에 따른 기존 좌/우정당의 전략 변화에 따를 것으로 이해할 수 있다. 이러한 점에서 국민전선은 후기산업사회 사회운동의 또 다른 정치세력화인 녹색당과는 이념, 정책, 지지층의 사회적 구성 그리고 정당내부의 조직 등에서 가장 대조적인 특징을 드러내고 있다.
Abstract
The entrance of the National Front's candidate, Jean-Marie Le Pen in the second-round of the 2002 French presidential election was a surprising event to the Frenches and Europeans. Because of the alert for the success of the extreme-right in France and the description of the extreme-rightist as demon by the journalist, the National Front has failed to have any seat in the 2002 legislatives elections. However, National Front still has a considerable political influence in French politics. The National Front is described as the protest party or anti-party, but this description is not enough to understand entirely this party. Only when we locate this party in the post-industrial political cleavage in which the value preference dominates the interest preference and understand it as right-authoritarian party, we can arrive at the general understanding of the National Front. The proletarization of the National Front after the 2002 election was resulted from the changes of the ideology and occupational groups in post-industrial society and the changes of the strategy of the conventional left and right parties, as well. The convergence of the left and right parties in the political space provides expanding political opportunities to advent and develope the new parties. In this perspective, the ideology, main policy, social composition of the electorate, and internal organization are fully different from those of the ecological party, another political force in post-industrial societies.
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