영국의 문화주도 재생정책: 뉴캐슬게이츠헤드(NewcastleGateshead) 사례 연구
The UK's Culture-led Regeneration Policy: The Case of NewcastleGateshead
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본 논문은 영국에서 발생된 문화주도 재생정책(culture-led regeneration)을 살펴보고,정책에 참여한 행위자들 간의 관계와 상호작용의 특성을 분석함으로써 문화도시가 갖는성격과 의미를 고찰해 보고자 한다. 이는 최근 한국사회에서 발현되고 있는 도시재생적성격의 문화예술 적용과 문화도시의 미래에 대한 함의를 도출하고자 함이다. 1990년대 이후, 각국들은 문화예술의 경제성에 주목하면서, 신자유주의적 도시화의 관점에서 문화예술을 도시에 접목시키는 현상이 발생했다. 그러나 불균등한 고용증가, 문화예술의 상업주의적 성향과 젠트리피케이션(gentrification)과 같은 다수의 문제점을 수반한다는점에서 실효성에 대한 논의는 한계점을 지닌다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 정책과정에서 나타난행위자들의 관계를 통해 내재적인 요인과 의미에 초점을 맞추고자 한다. 행위자들이 보이는네트워크 형태와 성격에 따라 문화도시의 내용과 특성이 차별화됨을 분석한다. 이해관계자들이 증가할수록 문화적용 범위가 확대되었고, 문화예술이 경제사회문제의 도구로 사용되었다. 반면 이해관계자들의 응집성이 집약될수록 주도적인 정책형성을 보였다. 즉, 문화주도재생정책의 결정과정에서 나타난 행위자의 상호작용과 관계 방식을 통해 문화도시 내용을분석하는 것이 이론 틀이고, 이 틀에 근거하여 뉴캐슬게이츠헤드(NewcastleGateshead) 사례연구를 통해 연구결과를 설명하고자 한다.
Abstract
This paper inquires mainly into the characteristics and significance that ‘the City of Culture’ owns by examining the culture-led regeneration policy and analyzing each participant’s relationships and interactions. It aims at explaining the network model of culture-led regeneration for the urban revitalization and at deriving the implication for the future of the culture-led regeneration. Since 1990s, each country started to be attentive to the economic value of the culture & art, and from the perspective of neoliberal urbanization grafted culture & art onto its urban policy. Particularly, Blair Administration perceived the instrumentality of culture & art and ardently applied its creative aspects to the specific policy. However, as multiple drawbacks including the unequal increase of employment, the commercialism of culture & art and the gentrification were accompanied, the doubt about its effectiveness and its limitation were distinctly recognized. Accordingly, this article focuses on its inherent factors and the significance through the relationships among skateholders in the policy implementation. This study tries to determine how each participating skateholder developed the networks as the culture-led regeneration policy proceeded. Obviously, the contents and the attributes of the culture-led regeneration could be diversified, which reflected on how the agents engaged in the decision-making process. It additionally looks into whether the locals’ political participation positively affected the outcome and achievement of the culture-led regeneration. This attempts to provide a theoretical basis for the culture-led regeneration that will appear in Korea.Consequently, this article explores the interactions and partnerships revealed in the decision-making process of the culture-led regeneration policy to the contents of the city and it works as a theoretical framework for the study. On the basis of this,it presents the results of the analysis through the case study of NewcastleGateshead.
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