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브렉시트(Brexit) 이후 EU 거버넌스 형태 변화에 관한 연구: 영국과 EU의 지역정책을 중심으로

A Study on the Changes in EU Governance Forms After Brexit: Focusing on regional policies of the UK and EU

이종서
한국유럽학회 (The Korean Society Of Contemporary European Studies)|2022.11|유럽연구 (The Journal of Contemporary European Studies)|제40권 제4호|pp. 57-94|DOI 10.17052/jces.2022.40.4.57

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거버넌스GovernanceRegional Policy지역정책포스트 브렉시트Post-BrexitERDF제한된 자유주의Limited Liberalism
주제분류지역학

초록

브렉시트로 인한 영국의 EU 결속정책 참여 종료는 장단기적으로 영국내 지역 불평등 심화에 영향을 끼칠 가능성이 크다. 이는 영국 내 빈곤한 도시와 지역으로 이전되었던 EU 재정지원의 중단으로 인한 직접적인 손실 때문만은 아니다. 영국에서의 지역정책 수단인 ERDF는 재정적 지원에만 국한되지 않는다. 수십 년 동안 자금과 관련한 관리 관행은 국내 정책활동 및 거버넌스 구조에 깊이 새겨지게 되었다는 점이 중요하다. 무엇보다 기금 그 자체보다 ERDF의 전략적 경제개발 정책의 실행을 위한 운영방식이 도입되었다는 점이다. 이는 ERDF와 경제개발정책의 맥락에서 정책의 관행에 관한 ‘유럽화’의 방식을 보여준다. 여기에는 공식 및 비공식 활동, 지식 및 정보공유 정책학습 및 파트너십 작업이 포함된다. 영국에서 EU 결속정책의 중단은 전략적 파트너십, 다층적 거버넌스 및 투명하고 장기적인 예산 할당을 포함한 여러 핵심 요소를 기반으로 하는 지역정책 거버넌스 시스템의 해체를 의미한다. 한편, EU는 브렉시트를 둘러싼 사회적 합의 부재, 지역간 불평등을 해소하지 못했다는 비판으로부터 자유로울 수 없다. 재난상황에서 사회통합을 유지하는 데도 실패했다. 특히 우크라이나 사태를 둘러싼 회원국간의 합의 실패로 극우세력의 확산을 막을 의무가 있다. 세계화의 취약성과 불안정이 더욱 분명해진 만큼 EU는 예상치 못한 재난이나 위기 상황에서 오히려 초국가적 권한을 더욱 강화해 나갈 것이다. EU는 글로벌 공급망 회복, 역내교역 증진, 외국인직접투자 등 회원국의 경제회복을 견인하기 위한 규칙과 규범을 만드는 일을 회원국에 맡기는 대신 EU 차원의 하향식 접근과 지역과 도시차원의 상향식 접근을 혼합한 형태의 다층적 통치체제 강화에 적극적으로 나설 것으로 보인다.

Abstract

The end of the UK's participation in the EU cohesion policy due to Brexit is highly likely to have a significant impact on regional inequality in the UK in the short and long term. This is not solely due to direct losses from the cessation of EU financial aid that has been transferred to poorer cities and regions in the UK. ERDF, a regional policy instrument in the UK, is not limited to financial support. It is important to note that over several decades, management practices related to money have become deeply engraved into domestic policy activities and governance structures. Above all, the operating method for the implementation of the ERDF's strategic economic development policy was introduced rather than the fund itself. This shows the way of 'Europeanization' of the practice of policy in the context of ERDF and economic development policy. This includes formal and informal activities, knowledge and information sharing policy learning and partnership work. Discontinuation of EU cohesion policy in the UK means the dismantling of regional policy governance systems based on several key elements, including strategic partnerships, multi-layered governance and transparent and long-term budget allocation. On the other hand, the EU cannot be free from criticism of the lack of social consensus surrounding Brexit and the failure to address regional inequality. It also failed to maintain social cohesion in disaster situations. In particular, there is a duty to prevent the spread of far-right forces due to the failure of the agreement among member states over the Ukraine crisis. As the vulnerability and instability of globalization become more evident, the EU will rather strengthen its supranational authority in unexpected disasters or crises. Instead of entrusting member states to create rules and norms to drive economic recovery in member countries, such as global supply chain recovery, regional trade promotion, and foreign direct investment, the EU combines a top-down approach at the EU level and a bottom-up approach at the regional and city levels. It seems that the government will actively seek to strengthen the multi-layered government system.

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