덴마크 우파 포퓰리즘 정당의 분화: 인민당의 쇠퇴와 신생 극우정당의 부상
The Divergence of Right-wing Populist Parties in Denmark: The Decline of the Danish People's Party and the Emergence of New Far-right Parties
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초록
덴마크 인민당(Dansk Folkeparti)은 2000년대에 급속하게 성장했으며 서유럽 국가의 다른 극우정당들이 참고하는 성공 모델로 간주됐다. 하지만 2019년 및 2022년 덴마크 총선에서 신생 극우정당들이 등장하면서 인민당의 득표율이 하락하기 시작했고 기성 극우정당의 몰락을 보여주는 사례가 됐다. 본 연구는 덴마크 극우정당의 빠른 성장과 쇠퇴, 새로운 극우정당의 등장을 분석하기 위해 극우의 승리공식(winning formula)이라 명명된 선거 전략과 정책 노선에 주목한다. 유럽에서 성장한 극우정당들은 상대적으로 민주적이고 온건한 정책으로 유권자의 지지를 유도했으며, 좌파와 우파의 수사를 혼합하는 전략을 개발했다. 하지만 기존 극우정당이 정상화되면서 새로운 극단주의를 주창하는 신생정당이 등장하고 있으며, 선거에서 다양한 쟁점을 둘러싼 경쟁을 진행하고 있다. 특히 최근 덴마크 총선에서 의석을 획득한 극우정당 사례는 우파 포퓰리즘 정당의 성장이 득표율과 의석수 확대만을 의미하는 것이 아니라, 특정 정책에서 차별화되는 다양한 극우정당의 등장으로 나타날 수도 있다는 사실을 시사하고 있다.
Abstract
The Danish People's Party (Dansk Folkeparti) experienced rapid growth in the 2000s, serving as a model for other far-right parties in Western European countries. However, with the rise of new far-right parties in the 2019 and 2022 Danish general elections, the Danish People's Party's vote share began to decline and became an example of the downfall of an established far-right party. This study aims to analyze the rapid growth and decline of the Danish far-right, alongside the emergence of new far-right parties. The focus is on examining the electoral strategies and policies of the far-right, referred to as the far-right's winning formula. In Europe, leading right-wing populist parties have garnered support with relatively democratic and moderate policies, employing strategies that blend left- and right-wing rhetoric. Yet, as established far-right parties have normalized, new ones with extremist claims have arisen, competing in elections on various issues. The recent instance of far-right parties securing seats in the Danish general election implies that the growth of right-wing populist parties may involve not only gaining votes and seats but also the emergence of distinct far-right parties that differentiate themselves based on specific policies.
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