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북한 비공식 기업의 생산성 향상 기제로서 군사문화 수용 가능성 연구

A Study on the Presence of Military Culture Adoption as a Mechanism for Productivity Improvement in North Korean Informal Firms

서수정|조영웅
국제지역연구원 (Institute of Global Affairs)|2024.12|아태연구 (Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies)|제31권 제4호|pp. 193-238|DOI 10.18107/japs.2024.31.4.007

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Organizational Culture조직문화조직구조Organizational StructureInformal Economy비공식 경제북한 군사문화비공식 기업North Korean Military CultureInformal Firms
주제분류사회과학일반

초록

북한의 비공식 기업은 생산성 향상 전략의 일환으로, 조직구조와 조직문화의 제약을 보완하기 위해 군사문화를 조직문화로 수용하고 있는가? 본 연구는 조직문화 이론의 시각에서 북한 비공식 기업이 군사문화를 조직문화로 수용하는 것이 생산성 향상을 위한 합리적인 처방임을 주장하고, 북한이탈주민을 대상으로 실시한 비대면 조사를 통해 실제 수용 여부를 검증한다. 조사 결과는 본 연구의 이론적 처방의 실재를 지지하지 않고 있었다. 연구 참여자들은 군사문화의 특징인 ‘집단 우선주의’, ‘위계적 구조’, ‘규범 강조’ 그리고 ‘군사적 요소의 사용’ 등의 실재에 대해서 부정적으로 응답했다. 분석 결과, 북한 비공식 기업에서 군사문화 수용의 제한은 그것이 가진 ‘독립적인 기업 운영’, ‘단발성 거래’, ‘접촉 및 정보 제한’ 등의 특징으로부터 기인하고 있었다. 감시와 처벌의 두려움으로부터 비롯하는 북한 비공식 기업의 특징은 다시, 사회 전반에 만연한 사회적 신뢰 부족과 깊이 연관되어 있었다. 본 연구 결과는 북한 비공식 기업의 증가가 사회 전반의 군사문화를 강화하는 데 기여할 가능성이 낮음을 시사한다.

Abstract

Do North Korean informal firms adopt military culture as an organizational culture to overcome structural and cultural limitations as part of their productivity improvement strategies? This study investigates whether North Korean informal firms adopt military culture as an organizational strategy to overcome structural and cultural constraints and enhance productivity. Grounded in organizational culture theory, this study posits that integrating military culture constitutes a rational prescription for improving productivity in such firms. To determine whether this theoretical claim reflects reality, interviews were conducted with North Korean defectors who were interviewees with experience in participating in informal firms. However, the interview results do not support the theoretical claim. Interviewees reported no evidence of military cultural traits—such as collectivism, hierarchical structures, norm adherence, or the use of militaristic elements—in their organizational practices. Instead, the study identifies the features of North Korean informal firms, including independent operations, transactional singularity, and restricted information flows, as limiting factors. These features are primarily driven by the fear of state surveillance and punishment, which, in turn, stem from the pervasive lack of social trust that characterizes North Korean society. The results suggest that the growth of informal firms is unlikely to foster or reinforce military culture across North Korean society.

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