북한이탈주민의 시장경제에 대한 태도
North Korean Defectors’ Attitudes Towards the Market Economy
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초록
이 논문은 북한이탈주민의 시장경제에 대한 태도를 분석하며, 이들의 태도에 영향을 미치는 요인을 경제적 가설, 사회화 가설, 계층 가설을 통해 검증한다. 북한이탈주민의 탈북 이후의 적응을 위해 다양한 교육적, 재정적 지원이 있었으나, 막상 탈북 이후 이들의 남한 사회에 대한 적응 및 시장경제에 대한 태도에 대해 이론적, 경험적으로 체계적인 연구와 분석이 누적되지는 않았다. 분석 결과, 북한이탈주민은 시장경제의 다양한 요소에 대해 비교적 긍정적인 태도를 보였으나, 이들의 시장경제에 대한 지지는 경제적 여건, 탈북 시기나 북한에서의 삶의 비중, 또는 남한에서의 교육 여부보다는 탈북 이전 북한에서의 경제적, 정치적 계층에 의해 상당 부분 설명되는 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 정치적 엘리트 출신일수록 시장경제에 대한 태도는 부정적이었으며, 경제적 엘리트 출신일수록 시장경제에 대한 태도는 긍정적인 것으로 나타나, 탈북 이후 계층 격차로 인한 괴리 또는 출신 성분의 유산이 현 체제에 대한 불만을 유발하거나 적응의 지체로 이어질 가능성이 있다는 것을 암시한다. 결론적으로 이 연구는 설문조사 데이터의 체계적 분석을 통해 북한이탈주민의 체제 적응에 관한 연구에 이론적, 경험적으로 기여한다.
Abstract
The purpose of this paper was to analyze the North Korean defectors’ attitudes towards the market economy and to examine the factors affecting their attitudes based on economic hypotheses, socialization hypotheses, and class hypotheses. Despite various educational and financial support for the North Korean defectors' adaptation to democracy and the market economy, there has not been sufficient accumulation of theoretical and empirical research analyzing their adaptation to the South Korean society. According to our findings, the North Korean defectors showed a relatively positive attitude towards the various elements of the market economy, but their support was largely explained by their economic and political class in the North, rather than the recent economic conditions, the timing of the defection, the length of the experience in the North, or the education level in the South/North. In particular, previous political elites’ attitude towards the market economy was more negative, while that of the economic elites was more positive. This suggests that the class gap before and after defection or nostalgia for past social class may cause dissatisfaction with the present system or lead to a delay in adaptation. In conclusion, this study theoretically and empirically contributes to the study of the North Korean defectors’ adaptation to the liberal market economy through the systematic analysis of the survey data.
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