고구려 평양 장안성의 외성 내 격자형 구획과 도시 형태에 대한 신검토

Abstract

Jang-an Fortress, Pyongyang, Goguryeo is a huge wall with the outer circumference of about 17.4km, which reaches a length about 23km if the length of the inner rampart is added. Jang-an Fortress was divided into four spaces, including the north fort, the inner fort, the central fort and the outer fort. Of them, the outer fort, consisting of a grid-type section in the space inside the rampart had become an object of concern since long ago. However, there is a limitation in research due to the difficulty in accessing to the relics. To overcome this, an old map of the Pyongyang area drawn in the Joseon Dynasty period, research was conducted, using Google Earth based on GIS and satellite photography. Especially, the Diagram of the Remaining Stone Mark in the Pyongyang Fortress Site, 「平壤城址及遺存石表圖」(1929), a map where the details of Sekino Tadashi’s (關野貞) survey in the Japanese Colonial Era were reflected in detail was retrieved by Google Earth and used for the restoration of the shape of Jang-an Fortress, and manipulated so that the distance and the area could be actually measured on the program. Broadly, there are two confusions in research concerning the grid-type section of the outer fort of Jang-an Fortress: First, whether there are three or four areas in the east-west section between Jeongyang-mun Gate and Hamgu-mun. Second, whether the shape of the grid-type section of the outer fort of Jang-an Fortress is a square or a rectangle with a long width. It was found that the east-west section between Jeongyang-mun Gate and Hamgu-mun Gate consisted of four areas through cross-validation with the old map drawn in the Joseon Dynasty period. Concerning the shape of the grid-type section of the outer fort of Jang-an Fortress, three theories have been presented, including ① the “square” theory; ② the “rectangle” theory; and ③ the “mixture of square and rectangle” theory. Of them, the mixture of square and rectangle theory presented the latest has recently been widely accepted. And yet, as a result of an actual survey on Google Earth, it seems that it was an error because the exact locations of Jeongyang-mun Gate and Hamgu-mun Gate were not understood well. In fact, it is judged that all spaces of the outer fort were consistently divided into a square. The road width of the outer fort was restored, actively utilizing the values actually measured between the stone marks left by Sekino Tadashi. According to the result, it was found that the average of the width of the main road was 14.989m, while that of the medium road was 4.823m. If these are converted to Goguryeo cheok (Measurement system), they correspond to 40 cheok and 14 cheok, respectively. For the residential area in a square shape, the length of one side is 177.08m, which corresponds to 500 cheok in Goguryeo cheok.