唐 高宗의 泰山 封禪과 高句麗의 對應을 둘러싼 몇 가지 문제

Abstract

In January 666, Gaozong(高宗) of Tang climbed Taishan(泰山) and performed Bongseon ritual(封禪儀禮). Goguryeo(高句麗) sent Boknam(福男), who was a crown prince(太子), to participate in this ritual. After only two years of it, Goguryeo was defeated by the Allied Forces of Silla-Tang(羅唐聯合軍). Participating in the ritual was the last international activity and the policy toward Tang of Goguryeo. However, much has not yet been revealed about the grounds for participating in Bongseon and relationship between Goguryeo and Tang. The participation of neighboring countries including Goguryeo was an indispensable condition for Gaozong to perform Bongseon of Taishan. It was July 664 when Gaozong announced the plan of Bongseon, but there was no reference to the monarchs of neighboring nations such as Goguryeo in the object of issuance of Joseo(詔書). In other words, apart from the Joseo, Tang informed the participating countries such as Goguryeo of the plan of Bongseon. The timing and manner of the notification of this plan can refer to the articles on the negotiation between Wa(倭國) and Tang at that time. This article clarifies that the notification of the Bongseon plan was not a one-sided one such as issuance of Joryeong(詔令), but was a way to resolve the complaints of the other states and induce them to participate in Bongseon through examination of the process of negotiations between Tang and Wa. The time when Tang notified the participating countries of the plan was before the declaration of Joseo, which was July 664. Prior consultation was inevitable in order to encourage participation of non-subordinate countries such as Goguryeo. Previous studies understood that the death of Yeon Gaesomun(淵蓋蘇文) led to the emergence of new ruling powers, and they led the changes in the policy toward Tang such as participation in Bongseon. However, it is difficult to agree on the understanding of the previous study in that the notification of the Bongseon plan was before July 664. In other words, the decision to participate in the Bongseon and the dispatch of the crown prince were driven by the Yeon Gaesomun, and Cheon Namsaeng(泉男生) was given subsequent matters. Given the case of Wa, Goguryeo also intended to change the relation with Tang. Especially, Sending the crown prince expresses the strong will of Goguryeo, and through this, Goguryeo tried to make a turning point of relation with Tang. In this regard, the description in Cheon Namsaeng’s Epitaph(泉男生墓誌), “按嵎夷之舊壤, 請羲仲之新官”, is an expression implicating the relationship which Goguryeo expected. A new official(新官) of Huijung(羲仲) seems to refer to the status of King Bojang(寶藏王) as Oesin(外臣). This generally means a restoration of investitive-tributary relation. Although it was not realized, the attempt should be appreciated. However, Cheon Namsaeng tried to utilize this hard-earned turning point of relationship to strengthen his power. Including Namsan(男産), those who could not stand this situation caused political upheaval. As a result, Goguryeo was on the way of collapse right before making the breakthrough in relation with Tang by participating in Bongseon.