부정부사의 하위 범주화 - 소극적 부정부사와 형식적 부정부사를 중심으로 -

Abstract

Recently all the negative modal adverbs are considered ‘negative polarity items’ in Korean grammar. But some of negative modal adverbs cannot be categorized as such. Namely, ‘별로’, ‘별반’, ‘별달리’, ‘그다지’, ‘과히’ and ‘여간’ are not negative polarity items. Because both of the original meanings and the actual current meanings of them used in the negative sentences are far from extreme negation. The five words ‘별로’, ‘별반’, ‘별달리’, ‘그다지’, ‘과히’ entail passive affirmations only in the negative sentences containing action verbs. They cannot do so in state verb negative sentences. But the function of these words is always the same one, expressing speaker’s mode that the negation is a little bit weak. In other words, they are modalities and their functions is weakening negation. As the function of them is like this, we can confirm that these 5 words are negative modal adverbs even though the original meanings of them have nothing to do with negation. The adverb ‘여간’ makes the negative sentence containing it get the active affirmative meaning. But still we can take ‘여간’ for negative modal adverb, because in some usages it’s meaning is totally different from it’s original one and has been derived from it's strong syntactic solidarity with negative expressions. I mean this affirmative meaning has come from the habitual syntactic co-existences with negative expressions. But we should pay attention to the fact that the separate usage of ‘여간’ cannot entail negation, because the actual meaning of the superficial negative sentence is active affirmation. As I mentioned above, the five words including ‘별로’ are modalities and mean speaker’s passive negations. So we can make a category named ‘the passive negative adverb’ for these words as a subcategory of the negative modal adverb modifying negative expressions(I will call this ‘negative modifying adverb’ bellow). As the adverb ‘여간’ can make speaker’s active affirmative predictions in negative sentence patterns, we can build another subcategory of the negative modifying adverb, named ‘the superficial negative adverb’. These two subcategories and ‘polarity negative adverb’ form the category of negative modifying adverb. There remains another negative adverb category to which ‘안’ and ‘못’ belong. These two negative adverbs make negative expressions together with affirmative action or state verbs. So we can make another category of negative adverb to which ‘안’ and ‘못’ belong, named 'the adverb of making negation'. Finally the adverb of making negation and the negative modifying adverb together make up the whole negative adverb category.