영국 내전의 전투를 중심으로 복원한 17세기 전투의 실상
The Mechanics of Combat in the English Civil Wars, 1642-1651
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이 논문은 영국 내전의 전투들을 대상으로 하여 17세기 전투의 실제 양상을 살펴보는 연구이다. 17세기 전쟁의 전투에 관한 기존 연구는 대체로 화약 혁명론에 따라 화약 무기의 발전 양상에 초점을 맞추어 진행되었다. 그러나 아직 화약 무기의 살상력이 부족한 당시 상황을 고려해볼 때, 신기술에만 집중하는 기술결정론적 해석으로는 당시 전장의 현실을 온전히 설명하기 어렵다. 본고는 문헌 사료에 최근 고대전쟁사 연구에서 주목받는 방법론인 '전투의 메커니즘' 연구를 접목하여 영국 내전 전투의 실상을 최대한 사실과 근접하게 복원하려 시도한다. 이를 통해 근대 초 군사사 연구에서 인간의 역할과 경험을 주요 주제로 되살리는 데 기여하고자 한다. 본고는 17세기 군대를 구성한 기병, 보병, 포병에게 각각 전투의 경험이 어떠했는지를 살펴보면서 당시 전투의 메커니즘을 복원한다. 전투의 메커니즘은 인간의 가장 원초적인 본능과 직결되기 때문에 고대에서 현대에 이르기까지 근본적인 연속성이 있다. 이 연속성이 새로운 군사 기술과 만나서 복잡한 상호 작용의 과정을 거쳤다. 화약 무기로 대표되는 신기술이 분명 17세기의 전장을 매우 복잡하고 예측하기 어려운 공간으로 만들었다. 그러나 동시에 전투의 가장 근본적인 메커니즘에는 과거의 전쟁과의 강력한 연속성도 공존하고 있었다.
Abstract
This article aims to reconstruct the realities of 17th century combat using several key battles of the English Civil Wars. Battle has been a neglected subject in the study of military history. A handful of studies which covers the subject of combat mostly concentrate on the question of how firepower came to dominate the early modern battlefields. However, the realities of early modern combat were far more complicated. This article seeks to provide a more complete picture of 17th century battlefields in its full complexity by not only studying contemporary accounts thoroughly but also by applying some recent achievements in the fields of military history of other periods, notably the 'mechanics of combat' studies in ancient warfare. The mechanics of combat have an intricate relationship with human psychology, especially fear and stress. In 17th century battles, these universal human factors interacted with the impacts of new technology in highly complicated ways. That interaction made the 17th century battlefields one of the most unpredictable and dangerous places in the history of warfare, with changes and continuities coexisting.
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