프랑스 혁명전쟁 시기 영국 해군 반란의 성격 검토
Study on the Character of British Naval Mutiny during the French Revolutionary Wars
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초록
1797년 5월과 6월, 스핏헤드 노어에서 거대한 규모의 해군 반란이 일어났다. 1797년 해군의 주요 정박지에서 발발한 대규모 반란은 사건 자체의 규모와 성격뿐 아니라 반란을 둘러싼 시대적 맥락의 차원에서도 당시 영국 정부에게 체제 유지와 관련해 매우 심각한 문제로 인식되었다. 사실 당시 수병들의 반란은 영국뿐 아니라 유럽의 주요 국가들이 이미 프랑스 혁명전쟁 전부터 겪고 있는 범유럽적이고 만성적인 문제였다. 18세기 말 영국 해군 반란에 관한 연구들은 궁극적으로 발발 배경과 원인을 고찰한다는 점에서 동일하지만, 그 원인을 어디서 어떻게 찾느냐에 따라 차이를 보인다. 본 논문은 프랑스 혁명전쟁기 반란의 원인을 해군 내부에서 찾고자 하는 시도로, 혁명의 시대라는 특수한 상황이 1797년의 ‘대반란’을 이끌었다는 것에 반대하며, 이 시기 반란의 성격을 해군의 장기적인 문제에서 찾고자 한다. 즉, 강제징집, 임금 체불, 열악한 선상 환경 등이 이 시기 반란의 가장 핵심적인 원인이라고 주장한다. 이를 위해 해군 군사법정 기록과 『스핏헤드와 노어 반란의 역사: 그 기원과 처리에 관한 연구: 그리고 향후 왕립 해군의 불만을 예방하기 위한 제안』을 통해 반란의 성격을 검토한다.
Abstract
In May and June 1797 naval mutinies of epic proportions occurred at Spithead and Nore. The outbreak of massive mutiny at major naval ports in 1797 was a very serious problem for the British government of the time, not only in terms of the scale and nature of the event itself, but also in terms of the historical context of the mutiny. Indeed, mutinies were a pan-European and chronic problem, with which not only Britain but major European countries had struggled since before the French Revolution. Studies of late eighteenth-century British naval mutiny are ultimately the same in examining the context and causes of the outbreak, but differ in where and how they look for those causes. This article attempts to identify the causes of mutiny in the French Revolutionary period within the naval context, and argues against the notion that the particular circumstances of the Revolutionary period led to the 'Great Mutiny' of 1797, and instead locates the character of the mutiny in the long-term problems of the naval service: impressment, unpaid wages and poor shipboard conditions were the most central causes of mutiny in this period. To this end, the character of the mutiny is examined through the records of the Navy's courts martial, and History of the Mutiny at Spithead and the Nore: with an examination of its origins and treatment: and suggestions for the prevention of future discontent in the Royal Navy.
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