МАРКАЗИЙ ОСИЁ ТОШ ДАВРИ УСТАХОНАЛАРИ
Central Asian stone age workshops
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참고문헌
초록
“Ustaxonalar” termini dastlab XIX asrning ikkinchi yarmida Yevropa yodgorliklariga nisbatan qo‘llanilgan. Ushbu termin dastavval tosh konlari va shaxtalari atrofida joylashgan neolit davri topilmajoylarini belgilash uchun qo‘llanilgan. Mutaxassislar toshga ishlov berish ustaxonalarini ikkita tipga ajratganlar: makon-ustaxonalar va tom ma’nodagi ustaxonalar. O‘z navbatida makon-ustaxonalar ham ikkitga guruhga ajratiladi: Birinchi guruhga tosh konlarining bevosita yaqinida joylashgan topilmajoylar kiradi. Ikkinchi guruh makon-ustaxonalar birinchisidan xom-ashyo konlaridan olis masofada joylashganligi bilan ajralib turadi. O‘zbekistonda ilk, o‘rta va so‘nggi paleolit hamda neolit davrlariga oid ustaxonalar topilgan. Mazkur holat ustaxonalar rivojining evolyusiyasini kuzatish imkonini beradi. Markaziy Osiyo hududlari tosh davrining toshga ishlov berish ustaxonalariga boy o‘lkalardan biridir. Ularning aksariyati O‘zbekiston hududiga to‘g‘ri keladi. Bu yerlardan topilgan Qopchig‘oy (Farg‘ona vodiysi), Qoratov(Uchtut, Ijont, Vaush), Ohangaron (Qizilolma 1-4, Jarsoy, G‘ishtsoy va h.k.lar) ustaxonalari hamda Qizilqir makon-ustaxonasi (Qizilqum) shular jumlasidandir. Ushbu yodgorliklarning ochib o‘rganilganiga 40 yildan ziyod vaqt o‘tdi. Keyingi yillarda Ohangaron hududlaridagi Qizilolma 2, Jarsoy kabi ustaxonalar yangidan o‘rganildi va qator yangi ma’lumotlar qo‘lga kiritildi. Bundan tashqari, Ko‘kayoz 1-8 kabi yangi ustaxonalar topildiki, ularni ilmiy muomalaga kiritish va Markaziy Osiyo toshga ishlov berish ustaxonalari tizimidagi o‘rnini aniqlash dolzarb mavzuga aylandi. Keng qamrovli qazishma ishlari jarayonida bir qator yangi arxeologik yodgorliklar aniqlandi. Ana shunday arxeologik yodgorliklarning bir guruhi Markaziy Qizilqumdan topilgan Ko‘kayoz 1-8 toshga ishlov berish ustaxonalaridir. Ushbu ustaxonalarning industriyasi nafaqat O‘zbekiston, balki butun Markaziy Osiyodagibifas-tig‘lar ishlab chiqarishga ixtisoslashgan dastlabki yodgorliklardir. Maqolada Ko‘kayoz toshga ishlov berish ustaxonalarining O‘rta Osiyo arxeologiyasida tutgan o‘rni haqida gap boradi hamda Markaziy Osiyo tosh davri toshga ishlov berish ustaxonalarining yangi klassifikatsiyasi keltiriladi.
Abstract
The term “workshops” was first applied to European monuments in the second half of the 19th century. This term was originally used to designate Neolithic sites located around stone quarries and mines. Experts have divided stone-working workshops into two types: space-workshops and real workshops. In turn, space- workshops are divided into two groups: They are divided into two according to whether they are located in the immediate vicinity of the stone deposits or far away. Workshops of the early, middle and late Paleolithic and Neolithic periods have been found on the territory of Uzbekistan. This situation makes it possible to observe the evolution of the development of workshops. The regions of Central Asia are one of the countries rich in stone-working workshops of the Stone Age. Most of them correspond to the territory of Uzbekistan. Among them are the workshops of Kopchigoi (Fergana Valley), Karatov (Uchtut, Ijont, Vaush), Ohangaron (Kizilolma 1-4, Jarsoy, Ghishtsoy, etc.) and Kyzilkir space-workshop (Kizilkum). More than 40 years have passed since these monuments were opened and studied. In the following years, workshops such as Kyzylolma 2, Jarsoy in the Ohangaron region were re-examined and new information was obtained. In addition, new workshops, such as Kokayoz 1-8, were discovered, and their inclusion in scientific circulation and determining their place in the system of stone-working workshops of Central Asia became an urgent topic. A number of new archaeological monuments were discovered during extensive excavations. One group of such archaeological monuments is Kokayoz 1-8 stone-working workshops found in Central Kyzylkum. The industry of these workshops is the first monument not only of Uzbekistan, but also of Central Asia specializing in the production of bifaces. The article talks about the role of Kokayoz stone-working workshops in the archeology of Central Asia. The article presents a new classification of stone- working workshops of the Stone Age of Central Asia.
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