구석기시대 석기의 표준화와 장착 논의 검토 －세계 구석기학 연구의 관점에서－
Review of Lithic Standardization and Hafting Discussion of Paleolithic Stone Tools －From the Perspective of Global Paleolithic Research－
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초록
석기의 표준화는 구석기시대 인간의 상징능력을 보여주는 사례로 흔히 그 하위개념인 석기의 규격화와 함께 쓰인다. 규격화는 석기의 형태나 크기가 유사해지는 규칙성을 가지는 것이고 표준화는 여기서 나아가 엄격하게 특정한 제작 기술을 통해 동일한 생산물을 생산하는 단계를 의미한다. 석기의 표준화는 도구 제작 전문지식과 기술 수준, 문화적 전승과 학습 방법에 영향을 받은 생산자의 의도가 개입하여 생산물 간의 크기나 형태에서의 변수를 낮게 만든 상태이다. 크기와 모양의 계측은 표준화를 증명하는 가장 보편적인 방법이다. 하지만 이러한 계측 값은 어디까지나 보조적인 수단이다. 크기나 모양은 생산품의 외형적인 특징일 뿐, 의도를 가지고 있는 행위는 석기 제작 기술에서 나타나기 때문이다. 초기의 표준화 연구가 주먹도끼나 찌르개 등 완성된 도구를 중심으로 이루어졌다면 최근에는 석기 제작 기술에 대한 연구로 확장되고 있다. 현재까지의 연구를 종합하면, 석기의 표준화는 대체로 눌러떼기에 의한 좀돌날 제작과 석기의 자루 장착 행위에서 확인된다. 그 외 석기떼기 생산품이나 잔손질 석기에서는 규격화 양상이 나타난다. 자루 장착은 중기 구석기시대부터 확인되는데 표준화 연구에서 자루와 석기 떼기 기술의 발전을 연결하여 파악하는 가장 큰 이유는 이들의 등장과 발전 시기 및 양상이 서로 영향을 미치기 때문이다. 동시에 여전히 손에 쥐고 쓰는 다양한 형태의 석기도 존재하고 자루 장착 이외에 석기가 표준화되는 또 다른 이유가 있을 수도 있다. 이런 여러 질문에 답하고 지금까지의 표준화 논의를 다음 단계로 이끌어나가기 위해서는 보다 세밀한 표준화 지표의 개발과 더 치밀한 석기 기능 연구가 필요하다. 이를 토대로 표준화 연구는 구석기시대 인간의 삶을 다층적으로 바라볼 수 있는 한 방법이 될 수 있을 것이다.
Abstract
Lithic standardization is an example of the symbolic ability of Paleolithic humans. It is often used together with its sub-concept, normalization of stone tools. Standardization refers to the regularity of stone tools becoming similar in shape or size, and it also refers to the stage of producing identical products using strictly specific manufacturing techniques. Standardization of stone tools is a state in which the producer’s intention intervenes to reduce variables in size or shape between products. Determine the coefficient of variation(CV) of the length, width, and thickness values of stone tools and transfer the shape outline to 2D or 3D to compare the degree of standardization. The standardization of stone tools is largely confirmed in ‘making microblade debitage by pressure’ and ‘hafting’. The main reason for linking hafting and debitage of stone tools in standardization is that their appearance and development periods ar similar. Beginning in the Middle Paleolithic, the scarcity and modularity of handles led to the development of stone tool production. In standardization and hafting research, point and endscrapers are being studied with various methodology, not only morphology but function studies. In this way, in order to restore human lives in prehistoric world, current standardization research is continuously being supplemented with a focus on lithic production technology and function research.
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