모로코 사회의 분절 연구에 대한 고찰
A Reflexion on Researches of Moroccan segmentary society
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모로코 사회의 분절조직에 대한 연구는 식민을 전후해 활발했으나, 독립 이후 한동안 부족과 분절 조직에 대한 설명이 매우 드물었다. 그러나 현대 모로코 사회를 이해하는 데 여전히 분절의 개념이 유용하다는 인식이 최근의 연구에서 확인되고 있으며, 이들 연구는 분절의 유연성과 복합성을 강조한다. 부족과 종족의 분절 집단은 특히 농촌 지역에서 행정과 경제 단위의 기초를 형성한다. 전통적으로 경제 활동의 기반이 되는 영토를 부족 집단이 점유하고 관리해 왔기 때문에 국가 행정이 중앙화된 정책을 시행할 때도 지역의 부족 집단 조직과 협력하고 있다. 정치 영역에서도 분절의 방식은 복수정당이 빨리 정착하는 모습으로 가시화되었다. 독립운동을 위해 연대하던 민족주의적 정당들이 이해관계를 대변하는 지역과 집단을 따라 세분화하면서 분할을 거듭했고 지금도 선거와 관련한 새로운 정당의 분할이 일어나는 것이 사회적으로 크게 부정적으로 인식되지 않는다. 그러나 이러한 공식 사회정치 기구가 분절적인 사회집단을 대변하지 못하는 상황이며, 이에 비공식적 사회결사체로서 사회운동이 분절적 결집력을 발휘하며 부상하고 있다.
Abstract
Researches on Moroccan segmentary system were developed around the colonial period, and after the Independence they became rare. But recently, the concept of segmentation, which emphasizes on flexibility and complexity, is again considered useful to comprehend the Moroccan modern society. In Morocco, tribes and lineages constitute administrative levels in province, and they form bases of economical factors. Tribes traditionally have occupied and managed their territory for economic activities, and the State administration is cooperating with these tribal groups in national economic projects. Politically, the segmentary system facilitated the pluripartisime to quickly install in this country. The nationalist party unified for the independence movement is divided into several groups, in repeating fission for electoral interests. Now it continues with creation of new parties after each scission, and it is not much considered socially negative. But public organizations as political parties or trade unions can’t represent divers segmentary social groups, and social movements show their segmentary force, as an unofficial social association.
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