"전연의 맹약" 체결과정과 사신들의 교섭 활동
The Imperial Envoys of Khitan Empire and Song China, 1004-1005: Reconsidering the Case Study of the “Treaty of Shanyuan”
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초록
11세기 초 동아시아는 북방의 새로운 강국 거란과 전통의 중화제국인 송조가 당제국 멸망 이후에 공백기였던 동아시아 패권을 놓고 오늘날 하남성의 전연에서 정치적, 군사적으로 대치하게 된다. 그러나 거란과 송조 각국이 가지고 있었던 대내외적인 문제점은 양국간 전면전을 하기에는 부담이 커 양측의 집권 엘리트들은 전쟁보다는 평화를 추구하게 되었다. 결국 거란과 송은 두 나라 사이의 이해관계를 절충할 수 있는 중재자 왕계충의 활약으로 화의를 모색하게 되었고 그 결과 “전연의 맹약”을 체결하게 된다. “전연의 맹약”에 대한 여러 연구성과들이 있으나 이는 대부분이 정치, 군사적인 면에 집중되어 있다. 본고에서는 그동안 많이 다루지 않았던 양국 정책결정자들의 의사결정과 그 속에서 양국을 분주히 오가며 활약했던 사신들의 활약을 중심으로 “전연의 맹약”을 다시 살펴보았다. 과거 동아시아의 중요한 역사적 사건이었던 “전연의 맹약”을 통해 오늘날 우리가 처해있는 美·中간의 패권 경쟁속에서 우리의 입장을 재조명해보고 향후 우리가 나아가야 할 방향에 대해서도 생각해보는 계기가 되고자 한다.
Abstract
This paper, “The imperial envoys of Khitan Empire and Song China in 1004-1005: Reconsidering the case of the “Treaty of Shanyuan,” focuses on the international political and diplomatic history of East Asia during the early eleventh century. Specifically, this study addresses the behind the scenes of the complicated policy making as well as various diplomatic activities of the Khitan and Song high policy makers and their main administrative officials, the foreign envoys. Although there have been previous studies on the “Shanyuan Treaty,” most of them have focused on the political and military history. Unlike such studies, this paper will concentrate on the other unrepresented history of the foreign envoys as well as their top policy makers of the Khitan and Song Empires by (1) tracing the historical background of early 11th century East Asia, (2) describing the political and diplomatic history of Khitan and Song China policy-makings as well as their detailed activities of the foreign envoys. The historical impact of the “Shanyuan Treaty” is enormous that it not only has influenced future Chinese and East Asia history, but it is also crucial in establishing a peaceful and prosperous East Asia during the following next century.
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