코로나19로 인한 국제인권조약상 의무의 이행정지
COVID-19 and Derogations from Human Rights Treaties
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초록
코로나19의 전대미문의 전세계적 파급력은 각국 정부들로 하여금 방역을 위한 광범위한 긴급조치들을 시행하게 만들었으며, 그 중 대다수는 국민들의 권리를 제한하는 성격의 것들이었다. 전세계 거의 모든 국가에서 특정 지역에 대한 전면적 봉쇄부터 이동의 자유, 집회 및 결사의 자유, 신체의 자유, 사생활의 자유, 재산권, 교육을 받을 권리 등 각종 기본권에 대한 제한이 가해졌다. 이는 개개 국가들이 가입한 각종 국제인권협약상 의무의 위반을 구성한다. 이러한 와중에 지금까지 국제인권법상 그다지 큰 주목을 받지 못했던 이행정지 제도는 코로나19에 대처하기 위해 각국 정부들이 시행하는 권리제한 조치들에 대한 긴요한 법적 견제장치로서 주목받게 되었다. 코로나19 위기상황과 관련하여 상대적으로 소수의 국가들만이 각종 국제인권협약상 이행정지 절차를 밟은 것이 사실이다. 그러나, 국가들이 시행한 권리제한 조치들을 공식적이고 공개적인 국제적 모니터링의 장으로 끌고 들어오는 이행정지의 기능은 미래에 있을 팬데믹 등 국제적 위기상황시 최대한의 인권보장을 담보하고 권리제한 조치의 한시성을 확보하는데 매우 유용하다.
Abstract
National emergency situations caused by the outbreak of COVID-19 have compelled governments all over the world to impose various measures restricting the liberty and freedom of their citizens. Those measures significantly restrained the right to movement, the right to assembly, the right to privacy, the right to property, the right to education etc, which constitute or tends to constitute violations of international or regional human rights treaty obligations. In this context, international law experts pay attention to the derogation provisions of human rights treaties that permits governments to suspend their treaty obligations under certain conditions. The derogation clauses provide room for state parties to human rights treaties to cope with national emergency situations such as COVID-19 without being labeled a human right offender. While quite a number of states have invoked the derogation clauses, it is still true that may countries implemented right restrictive emergency measures without invoking the clauses. However, the key effect of the derogation that allows the treaty mechanism and other state parties to monitor the suspension of the member states’ human rights treaty obligations becomes ever more valuable in the midst of global emergency like COVID-19.
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