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유럽전략문화와 EU의 안보역할

Culture in the European Union: the Conceptualisation of ‘Culture’ in the EU Cultural Policy

온대원
EU연구소 (Institute for European Union Studies)|2009.02|EU연구 (Journal of European Union Studies)|제24호|pp. 101-129|DOI 10.18109/jeus.2009..24.101

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참고문헌

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공동외교안보정책유럽안보방위정책유럽전략문화방위통합EU의 안보역할European Strategic CultureDefence IntegrationCommon Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP)European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP)the EU as a Security Actor
주제분류지역학

초록

지난 몇 년간 유럽연합 (EU: European Union) 내에서는 ‘유럽전략문화’(European strategic culture)에 대한 논의가 활발하게 전개되어왔다. ‘전략문화’는 국가 또는 다른 형태의 정치공동체에 속한 구성원들이 대내외적 안보환경의 성격을 규정하고, 공동체의 기본적인 가치와 목표를 설정하며, 대외정책의 방향과 방법을 선택함에 있어서 상호 공유, 또는 합의된 전략적 사고와 행위의 체계로 이해된다. 이 논문은 유럽전략문화의 개념적, 방법론적 측면과 더불어 그것이 공동외교안보정책 (CFSP: Common Foreign and Security Policy) 및 공동안보방위정책 (ESDP: European Security and Defence Policy)의 발전에 갖는 함의를 다루고 있다. 일반적으로 문화론적인 관점에서 전략문화는 반영구적인 지속성과 견고성을 갖고 있는 것으로 이해되어왔다. 그러나 지난 수년간 진행된 최신의 연구들에 의하면 전략문화는 상당한 정도의 가변성을 갖고 있으며, 일정한 조건 하에서는 단기간에 새로이 형성되거나 극적으로 변화될 수도 있는 것으로 간주되어진다. EU의 경우 여러 가지 대내외적인 제약요인으로 인하여 이른 시기 내에 단일한 전략문화의 성립가능성은 상당히 낮은 것으로 보이며, 국제정치적 행위자로서의 EU의 안보역할 또한 매우 서서히, 단계적으로 확대될 것으로 전망된다.

Abstract

The European Union (EU) has recently paid increasing attention to the issue of culture than ever. There have been not a few debates on whether culture exists in the context of the EU. And a further question is, if so, how to conceptualise it? This paper investigates the salient issue of the EU today. According to nationalism, culture cannot be debatable in the EU. As culture is defined as a ‘lifestyle’ which is shared by a group of people based on history, language, religion and ethnicity, the cultural discourse is available only at the national context. But, given the current salience of culture and cultural policy in the EU, as was represented by the profusion of EU cultural propgrammes today, the meaning of culture in the EU needs to be examined as well. The concept of culture has varied depending the period of the integration process. According to the EU official documents, the cultural discourse until the 1980s is characterised by two features. On the one hand, culture was utilised as a political tool in symbolising the Community as seen in the nation-building process. On the other, culture was regarded as an economic tool by which the single market project would be completed. The signing of the Maastricht Treaty in 1992 recognised culture as an official policy area, which affected the concept of culture since then. The paradoxal position of EU officials also affected the conceptualisation of culture in this period as well. Since the EU officials who represent the EU were granted their representativity by their national electorate, EU cultural policy had to be shaped in a way to respect the diversity and uniqueness of cultures of each Member State. Accordingly, culture was conceptualised as a ‘practical’ policy area which is combined with practically most of other policy areas. Cultural programmes have been operated in a way to respect cultural diversity of each Member State. In this way, culture becomes an essential element in completing European integration in the networking governance of the EU polity.

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