EU 규범 권력과 대북한 관여정책
EU’s Normative Power and the Engagement Policy toward DPRK
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초록
이 글은 EU 대북정책을 통해 EU 규범 권력의 특성과 규범 권력의 확산 과정을 검토하고자 한다. 이를 위해 먼저 EU 규범 정체성의 근거와 대외행위자로서 EU의 한계에 주목했다. EU 설립의 기초가 되는 여러 조약과 법적 근거들은 민주주의, 법치, 인권 존중의 가치를 포함한 규범 정체성을 내포하고 있다. 또한, EU는 공동 방위 능력의 부족과 군사력 부재로 국제문제에 있어 대외적 존재성이 위축될 수 있다. 이는 역으로 내부 결속력을 약화시키는 원인이기도 하다. 따라서 EU는 규범 권력의 확보를 통해 글로벌 행위자로 인정받고자 한다. EU는 1990년대 중반 KEDO 가입을 통해 처음 한반도 문제에 개입했다. 이후 양 지역 간 정치·인권 대화를 정례화하고 수교 체결을 이루면서 EU는 북한 문제에 있어 건설적 관여정책을 추구해왔다. 2002년 이후 북핵 위기에 대한 대응으로 비판적 관여정책이 전개되던 시기에도 양자적 대화채널은 여전히 유지되었는데, 북한의 입장에서 EU와의 관계 유지는 미국의 강경 일변도 대북정책의 정치적 압박을 약화시키는 의미가 있었다. 한편 EU의 경우 북한 문제에 대한 개입은 비군사적 차원에서 EU의 규범 권력성을 보여주고 또 확산시킬 수 있는 요소들이 많은 영역이다. EU는 북한과의 대화에서 인권문제 개선과 법치, 핵확산 방지 등 EU가 중요시하는 가치 중심적 규범들을 일관되게 강조하고 핵문제 관련 유엔안보리 결의안을 상정하는 과정에서 주도적인 역할을 맡는다. 이와 동시에 국제 NGO를 통한 인도적 지원은 정치적 사안과는 별개로 지속한다. 이 과정에서 무엇보다도 EU는 북한의 체제안정을 위협하지 않고 쟁점이 되는 규범 사항들에 집중함으로써 북한과의 신뢰를 구축해갈 수 있었다. 나아가 북한도 EU의 인권개선 요구에 대해 전략적 수용을 보여주고 있다. 이는 EU가 규범 권력성을 바탕으로 대북문제에 있어 양자적 다자적 접근을 동시에 추구하면서 규범 권력을 효과적으로 확산하기 위한 선택이었다고 볼 수 있다.
Abstract
This paper tried to examine the distinctive normative power of the European Union and methods of its diffusion by focusing on the EU’s North Korea policy. Various treaties and legal grounds which formed the foundation of the EU itself encompass normative principles of democracy, rule of law and protection of human rights. The EU also lacks a unified military force, which could become a cause of weak cohesion among member states. Such conditions have motivated the EU to pursue recognition as a global actor by possessing normative power. In particular, the EU could form a more coherent foreign policy in the realm of universal norms. The EU began intervening in issues surrounding the Korean Peninsula by joining the KEDO in the mid-1990s. Since then, the EU implemented constructive engagement methods such as holding regular talks on politics and human rights issues, and establishing official diplomatic relations. But as tensions started to escalate with the North’s nuclear provocations at around 2002, the EU began to combine stronger sanctions via multilateral international regimes with its previous bilateral communication approach. A channel for talks between the EU and North Korea persisted even during the period of EU’s critical engagement. For North Korea, maintaining talks with the EU helped alleviate political pressure coming from the United States. For the EU, intervening in North Korean issues could help it express its normative power without mobilizing military forces. The EU showed consistency in its emphasis of human rights, non-proliferation of nuclear weapons and rule of law during the process of talks with North Korea. It also played a leading role in proposing the United Nations Security Council resolutions on North Korea’s denuclearization. What is also important is that the EU could gain North Korea’s trust by continuing to provide humanitarian aid via NGOs, regardless of changing political circumstances. North Korea, in turn, showed a strategic acceptance toward the EU’s requests to improve the protection of human rights. Thus, it can be said that the EU’s two-track approach toward North Korea, incorporating both bilateral and multilateral measures, was a decision to effectively extend its normative power to other regions.
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