북유럽의 소다자주의 안보협력: 노르딕방위협력기구(NORDEFECO)의 역할을 중심으로
Minilateral Security Cooperation of Nordic Countries: The Case of the Nordic Defense Cooperation (NORDEFECO)
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본 연구는 소다자주의 관점에서 북유럽 방위협력의 전개과정을 살펴보고 노르딕방위협력기구(NORDEFCO)가 결성된 맥락과 그 성과를 분석한다. 소다자주의는 무역 및 외교 분야에서 소수 국가들이 긴밀히 협력하는 관계를 지칭하며, 기존 다자주의체제보다 국제정세의 불확실성에 효과적으로 반응할 수 있다는 장점을 갖는다. 기존 연구는 북유럽 방위협력의전통을 구성주의적 관점에서 안보 공동체 개념으로 분석해 왔다. 그러나 본 연구는 노르딕방위협력기구 사례를 통해 북유럽 국가들이 최근 직면한 공동 위협에 대응하기 위한 소다자 안보협력의 진전의 의미를 고찰한다. 노르딕방위협력기구 결성 당시 합의된 목표는 북유럽 국가 간 안보협력과 함께 실질적인 군사역량을 증진시키는 것이었다. 현재 상호운용성을 높여 안보역량을 강화하는 목표는 충분히 달성하지 못했으나, 북극챌린지연습 등의 지역합동훈련을 강화하고 정기적인 안보대화채널을 구축한 것은 주요한 성과로 볼 수 있다. 또한 노르딕방위협력기구는 기존 북대서양조약기구(NATO) 및 유럽연합의 공동안보방위정책(CSDP)을 대체하기보다는 보완하는 방향에서 전략적 입지를 다졌다. 이는 역내·외 다자협력체제와 충돌하지 않는 범위 내에서 소다자주의를 추진할 수 있음을 보여주는 사례이며, 타 지역에서 낮은 단계의 안보협력 및 대화기구를 구상하는 데에 유용한 시사성을 제공한다.
Abstract
This study examines the evolution of Nordic security cooperation from the perspective of minilateralism and analyzes the formation of the Nordic Defense Cooperation (NORDEFCO). Minilateralism in a small group of countries can respond more effectively to uncertainty in international affairs compared to the existing large-scale multilateral system. Previous studies have analyzed the tradition of Nordic defense cooperation and its concept of a security community from the lens of constructivism. However, this study argues that Nordic countries have formed new partnerships to cope with the recent common external threats. The initial goal of the NORDEFCO was to promote substantial military capabilities along with security cooperation between member countries. Currently, the aim of strengthening military capabilities through inter-operability has not been fully achieved, but progress has been made to establish joint military training, such as Arctic Challenge Exercise, and regular dialogue channels on security issues. NORDEFCO has also strengthened its strategic position by supplementing, rather than replacing, the existing NATO and the EU's CSDP. NORDEFCO shows that minilateralism can be promoted without conflicting with the multilateral cooperation system. It provides useful implications to other parts of the world, including East Asia, in terms of low-level security cooperation and dialogue process that has a practical value as an early step toward institutionalized regional security architecture.
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