유럽 보건 연합의 가능성과 한계: EU 코로나 19 대응을 중심으로
Possibility and Limitations for European Health Union: focusing on the EU’s response to COVID-19
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초록
본 논문의 목적은 EU와 회원국들의 코로나 19 대응에 대한 분석을 통해 포스트 코로나 시대에 공공보건 분야의 심화된 통합, 소위 ‘유럽 보건 연합’ 추진의 가능성과 한계를 고찰하는 것이다. 이러한 논의는 코로나 19와 같은 전염병 대응에 있어 EU와 회원국 간 복잡한 권한의 문제를 규명할 뿐만 아니라 기존의 위기(예: 유로존 재정위기 등) 때와 달리 코로나 19 위기 극복 사례를 통해 보건 분야에서 심화된 통합으로의 진전 가능성이 높은 이유를 조명할 수 있다. 코로나 19에 대한 초기 대응은 개별 회원국이 주도하였다. 그러나 회원국들은 코로나 19에 대한 심각성을 제대로 인식하지 못하였고, 회원국 간 결속력이 결여된 채 개별적이며, 협조되지 않은, 때로는 서로 경쟁적인 대응책을 시행하였다. 개별 회원국별로 시행된 코로나 19 초기 대응의 실패는 공동체 차원의, 즉 EU 차원의 공동 대응이 필요하다는 인식이 싹트는 계기가 되었다. 그러나 EU의 회원국에 대한 지원·조정·보완으로 국한된 권한은 단일화되고 체계적인 코로나 19 대응을 어렵게 하였다. 이러한 총체적 난국의 상황은 역설적으로 EU 차원에서 보건 분야에 대한 역량 강화 및 향후 보건 위협에 대한 대비책 수립의 필요성을 인식시켜 주었다. 특히 EU 시민들의 지지와 회원국들의 합의에 기반을 둔 소위 ‘밑으로부터’의 EU 역할 확대의 필요성에 대한 인식이라는 점에서 보건 분야에서 EU의 역할 강화를 위한 합의 가능성이 다른 어느 때보다 높은 것이 사실이다. 그럼에도 불구하고 공공보건의 통합을 위해서는 회원국별로 추구하는 보건 정책과 복지국가의 유형이 다르다는 점을 극복하기 위한 국가들의 정치적 결단이 필요하다.
Abstract
The European Union (EU) has been striving to achieve institutional integration in politics, economy, and society. Among them, integration in the field of education system has been implemented with the goal of fostering the EU citizens to become the leaders of future society. Accordingly, the EU has attempted various educational programmes for the integration of education system, and the Erasmus Programme is the most representative and successful programme. The Erasmus Programme began in 1981 as an exchange student programme between universities within the EU, and from 2014, it was renamed and developed to Erasmus Plus+. As such, the Erasmus Programme, which has a history of about 40 years, has attracted more than 10 million people so far, and had a profound impact on the development and integration of the European higher education system. Among the countries participating in the Erasmus Programme, Spain has recorded the highest preference for Erasmus Programme participants in terms of geography, language, and culture. In addition, Spain is actively using the Erasmus Programme with providing internship opportunities and professional experience by linking with their education programme named SICUE (Sistema de Intercambio entre Centros Universitarios de España). In this regards, the paper examines the characteristics and historical development of the Erasmus Programme and also analyzes the case of Spain, called the largest beneficiary of the Erasmus Programme in Europe. Finally, the paper examines the major problems of the Erasmus Programme and deals with the EU policies to support the Erasmus Programme after the COVID-19 pandemic.
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