동양계 이민자에 대한 차별정책, 1850-1907 -미국 서부의 중국과 일본 이민을 중심으로
Discriminating Policies Toward Asian Immigrants in the West Coast of the U. S. From 1850 To 1907 -Comparing to Chinese and Japanese Immigrants
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The purpose of this study is to examine the development of discriminating policies for Asian immigrants in the West Coast of the U. S. from 1850 to 1907. In particular, this study analyzes main factors of Anti-Oriental movement comparing Chinese and Japanese immigration from several perspectives and how these factors interrelated to formulate disciriminating policies for Asian immigrants. Anti-Oriental hostility was already existed before Chinese immigration. There was a racial hierarchy in the United States as well as California since 1790. Asian immigrants were 'aliens ineligible to citizenship' until 1952. The Chinese immigrants had moved to the U.S. to provide cheap labor in the railroad and mine from 1850 to 1882. From 1870 rapid increase of Chinese immigrants and their encroachment of labor market stimulated Californians. In 1879 the California Court declared “Mongolians as ineligible to citizenship.” In particular, Chinese Exclusion law in 1882 became the crucial point for anti-Chinese movement in the American history of Immigration. On the Other hand, Japanese had applied different ways of adjustment despite of the anti-Japanese hostility and racism. The issue of Japanese immigrants became the special problem in California around 1900. Japanese concentration and gradual encroachment in the farming became remarkable from 1905. Also Japanese immigrants was so ambitious to fulfill their socioeconomic mobility. Furthermore, Californians started to recognize Japan as World power and watched Japan’s intervention to protect Japanese immigrants in California. In 1905 Asiatic Exclusion League was formated in San Francisco which became the typical institution for anti-Japanese movement until 1940s. The anti-Japanese sentiment reflected on the proclamation of Executive Order 589 in 1907 which prohibited immigration of Japanese laborers.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the development of discriminating policies for Asian immigrants in the West Coast of the U. S. from 1850 to 1907. In particular, this study analyzes main factors of Anti-Oriental movement comparing Chinese and Japanese immigration from several perspectives and how these factors interrelated to formulate disciriminating policies for Asian immigrants. Anti-Oriental hostility was already existed before Chinese immigration. There was a racial hierarchy in the United States as well as California since 1790. Asian immigrants were 'aliens ineligible to citizenship' until 1952. The Chinese immigrants had moved to the U.S. to provide cheap labor in the railroad and mine from 1850 to 1882. From 1870 rapid increase of Chinese immigrants and their encroachment of labor market stimulated Californians. In 1879 the California Court declared “Mongolians as ineligible to citizenship.” In particular, Chinese Exclusion law in 1882 became the crucial point for anti-Chinese movement in the American history of Immigration. On the Other hand, Japanese had applied different ways of adjustment despite of the anti-Japanese hostility and racism. The issue of Japanese immigrants became the special problem in California around 1900. Japanese concentration and gradual encroachment in the farming became remarkable from 1905. Also Japanese immigrants was so ambitious to fulfill their socioeconomic mobility. Furthermore, Californians started to recognize Japan as World power and watched Japan’s intervention to protect Japanese immigrants in California. In 1905 Asiatic Exclusion League was formated in San Francisco which became the typical institution for anti-Japanese movement until 1940s. The anti-Japanese sentiment reflected on the proclamation of Executive Order 589 in 1907 which prohibited immigration of Japanese laborers.
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