인구ㆍ환경학에 가려진 미국의 인종주의 ― 20세기 후반 신(新)이민제한주의(Neo-Restrictionism) 담론을 중심으로 ―
Racism behind the Mask of Demographic-Environmentology in America: With a focus on the Neo-Restrictionism in the late Twentieth century
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The American immigration policy has changed over times；the time of open immigration, the restrictive era, the time of liberalization of immigration, and then the time of new restrictions. The compositions of immigrants changed over times as well. Thanks to the Civil Rights Movements in the 1960s, American door to immigrants was wildly opened since the liberalization of immigration in 1965, and the States experienced unexpected mass immigrations from undesirable regions such as Asia and Latin America. Due to the chain migration based on ‘Brothers and Sisters Act,’ about 50% of the legal immigration population was Asian and 40% was Hispanics (especially Mexican) compared with 5% for Europeans. Facing these dramatic and overwhelming changes, the restricionism was resurged since the 1970-80s, called neo-restrictionism. According to the neo-nativist, in other words, the population of the States has reached its maximum due mainly to immigrants, hence American identity has been endangered especially by the growing number of Hispanics and Asians. Americans clearly revealed fear to become the "majority minority nation." For them, it’s about time to control the number of immigrants. As the global power of economics and the world leader in multiculturalism, however, it never been easy for restrictionists to reveal their racist intend on any part of immigration policy. They did need some other way to appeal for anti-immigration sentiment to Americans, sealing their racism. Demographic-Environmentology was given new validity for restrictionists who excessively focused on negative effects of overpopulation on the environmental pollution. Namely, they argued that America has been overpopulated due mainly to immigrants, and those ecocidal immigrants should be restricted for sure. Therefore, this study focuses on: what the demographic, environmentological, and ecological arguments that neo-restrictionists strongly supported；why and how those arguments came from；and what restrictionists tried to hide behind the mask of demographic-environmentology. In addition, it examines why and how different reactions between the federal government and state governments to the demographic-environmentological discourse on immigration. By doing so, it reveals both what neo-restrictionism really want and what unfortunately they miss.
Abstract
The American immigration policy has changed over times；the time of open immigration, the restrictive era, the time of liberalization of immigration, and then the time of new restrictions. The compositions of immigrants changed over times as well. Thanks to the Civil Rights Movements in the 1960s, American door to immigrants was wildly opened since the liberalization of immigration in 1965, and the States experienced unexpected mass immigrations from undesirable regions such as Asia and Latin America. Due to the chain migration based on ‘Brothers and Sisters Act,’ about 50% of the legal immigration population was Asian and 40% was Hispanics (especially Mexican) compared with 5% for Europeans. Facing these dramatic and overwhelming changes, the restricionism was resurged since the 1970-80s, called neo-restrictionism. According to the neo-nativist, in other words, the population of the States has reached its maximum due mainly to immigrants, hence American identity has been endangered especially by the growing number of Hispanics and Asians. Americans clearly revealed fear to become the "majority minority nation." For them, it’s about time to control the number of immigrants. As the global power of economics and the world leader in multiculturalism, however, it never been easy for restrictionists to reveal their racist intend on any part of immigration policy. They did need some other way to appeal for anti-immigration sentiment to Americans, sealing their racism. Demographic-Environmentology was given new validity for restrictionists who excessively focused on negative effects of overpopulation on the environmental pollution. Namely, they argued that America has been overpopulated due mainly to immigrants, and those ecocidal immigrants should be restricted for sure. Therefore, this study focuses on: what the demographic, environmentological, and ecological arguments that neo-restrictionists strongly supported；why and how those arguments came from；and what restrictionists tried to hide behind the mask of demographic-environmentology. In addition, it examines why and how different reactions between the federal government and state governments to the demographic-environmentological discourse on immigration. By doing so, it reveals both what neo-restrictionism really want and what unfortunately they miss.
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