역사적 관점에서 본 북극권 사미어(Sámi)의 문어화(文語化) 과정
The Literacy Process of Sámi Language in the Arctic Circle from a Historical Perspective
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본 논문은 절멸 위기에 처한 북극권 소수민족 언어에 대한 문어화(文語化) 의 과정에 대해 설명하고 있다. 특히, 구소련과 러시아연방 소수민족의 언어 표준화와 활성화에 대한 사례를 역사적인 관점에서 사미어 연구를 통하여 제시하고 있다. II장은 러시아내에서 사미어의 현황에 대하여 설명하고 있고, III장은사미어의 문어화를 위해 문학어를 창조하려는 종교적 시도, 라틴어에 기초한 문어화시기, 라틴문자에서 키릴문자로의 회귀와 소수민족어 금지시기, 페레스트로이카시기 동안의 재문어화(再文語化) 과정을 역사적 관점에서 다루고 있다. IV 장에서는 킬딘 사미어와 스콜트 사미어의 비교를 통한 콜라 사미어 문어화의실체적 결과에 대하여 논하고 있다. 본 논문의 목적은 시베리아 북부의 원주민소수민족 집단이 사용하는 킬딘 사미어와 스콜트 사미어의 공시적, 통시적 발달과정과 문자표기 방법의 변화 과정을 비교․설명하고 문어화가 그 사회의 교육․언어학적 환경에 미치는 영향을 살펴봄으로써 킬딘 사미어와 스콜트 사미어의 보존을 바탕으로 언어 보존의 중요성과 소중함을 일깨우고자한다.
Abstract
This thesis describes the literacy process of Siberian minority languages in crisis of extinction. The study provides a comparative research on the beginning and progress of literary work on Kildin Sámi and Skolt Sámi. The literary work on Kildin Sámi and Skolt Sámi resulted in different developments substantially, as geographical and social backgrounds differed. However, the effect of standardization of these two languages on language survival is very similar: The standardization or evolved literacy in the languages did not inhibit the transition to Russian. The introduction of literacy of North, Siberia and the Far East of the Soviet Union was started in the late 1920s as a primarily linguistic task. Research and language planning, however, went hand in hand with the general introduction of Soviet rule in the whole country. Eliminating illiteracy and creating & introducing written standard languages were a central component of the early Leninist nationality politics. In fact, the official policy towards northern Russian indigenous peoples in the early Soviet Union was founded mainly on centralized minority language planning, with the aim of introducing literacy by training native academics and through school education in the native languages, rather than through forced assimilation. However, official policies changed radically during the later history of the Soviet Union. Today, many northern Russian indigenous languages are among the most endangered in the world. The purpose of the study is to compare and explain the literacy process of Kildin Sámi and Skolt Sámi in the respects of synchronic and diachronic development and to awaken the value and importance of language preservation by examining the effect of literacy on the educational and linguistic environments of the societies.
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